EARTHQUAKES RESISTIVE

BUILDINGS

SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
DR. SHAILZA SINGH
SABINA KASHYAP 13608
SHIWANI GUPTA 13612
JAGRITI WADHAWAN 13622
GUNJAN KOUNDAL 13627
 CONTENTS
CASE STUDIES: EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
BUILDING DESIGN
RAOLAKHA CHHATRI
TAJ MAHAL
TRANSAMERICA PYRAMID
EARHTQUAKE PROOF HOMES: JAPAN
EARTHQUAKES DON'T
KILL PEOPLE. PEOPLE'S
HOUSES IN THE MIDST
OF EARTHQUAKES KILL
PEOPLE
 2001 BUJH EARTHQUAKE
DATE: 26 JAN
TIME: 8:46 AM IST
LASTED FOR : 2 MINUTES
EPICENTER: 9 KM SOUTH-SOUTHWEST OF THE VILLAGE OF
CHOBARI IN BHACHAU TALUKA OF KUTCH DISTRICT OF
GUJARAT
MAGNITUDE: 7.7
MAXIMUM INTENSITY: X ON MERCALLI SCALE
CASUALITIES: KILLED : between 13,805 and 20,023 people
INJURED:167,000
DESTROYED: nearly 400,000 homes
FAULT : OBLIQUE
SHAKING EFFECTS:
THE
HOSPITALS
COLLAPSED
AND THE
INJURED
PEOPLE HAD
NO WHERE
TO MOVE TO.

About 2,000 metric tones of Acrylonitrate

(ACN), a highly toxic and flammable chemical
leaked at the J.R. Enterprises Tank farm,
Kandla. Another tank, containing HEP (Paraffin)
in the same tank farm also leaked.
 RAOLAKHA CHHATRI BUJH

AFTER
BEFORE
BHUJ: The Raolakha Chhatri was constructed
in the 18th Century and survived the great
1819 Kachchh Earthquake,
But succumbed to the 2001 Earthquake. It
was the oldest, largest and most elaborate of
these cremation ground memorials to past
Maharajas.
 The collapsed Rajolati Chatri is on right in the left image, and the
right image illustrates the remains of two of the twelve smaller
domes, which are revealed as having been solid masonry, and thus
very heavy.
The later smaller chhatris which survived the earthquake are visible
behind. These others survived despite their lack of any internal or
external walls.
 This smaller chhatri was damaged, but not destroyed by the earthquake, despite the fact that it
contains no shear walls or other lateral support.
The damage provides a clue as to the process of the destruction of the larger Raolakha
Chhatri. The earthquake shaking has caused the stones to vibrate apart because of the lack of ties
to hold them together. The use of iron cramps to secure individual stones together as a protection
against earthquake damage can be found in use .
It is interesting and important to observe that this did not collapse by being thrown over, despite
the violence of the shaking at Bhuj, and the lack of shear walls. Clearly the structure rocked back
and forth, but the "restoring force" of gravity on the columns was sufficient to allow it to remain
standing.
This record can provide support for the retention of the open pavilion design of the structures
when they are restored, with seismic hazard mitigation being most effectively applied by developing
a plan to tie the stones together to prevent the spreading that has been observed here and in
Ahmedabad.

Historians believe that the Taj Mahal rests on
brick wells which are supported by full-width
wheels made of SANDALWOOD.
The foundation is believed to have planned like
the waters of the Yamuna could keep reinforcing
the sandalwood which grows in strength when it is
watered, and in the process, the foundation of the
monument would also get strengthened.
TAJ MAHAL
When theres an earthquake in
Agra, the safest place to be will be
inside the Taj Mahal.
The Mughals devised it to be quake
proof, and despite it standing along soft
riverbed soil for four centuries, it has not
seen a crack.
Taj Mahal will not collapse during
earthquake because the whole structure
is mounted on myriad number of
wooden pillars. These WOODEN PILLARS
have good shock absorption property
because of its micro-structure. It
behaves as a composite material which
have good tensile strength which in turn
is not direction dependent property.
TRANSMERICA PYRAMID, SAN
FRANCISCO
ARCHITECT: William L. Pereira & Associates
YEAR OF DESIGN: 1968
HEIGHT: 260M
FLOORS: 48+1BASEMENT LEVEL

The Transamerica Pyramid

successfully withstood the Loma Prieta
earthquake .
The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake of
magnitude 7.1 struck the Santa Cruz
Mountains in California.
The 49 story Transamerica building
shook for over a minute. The top story
swayed over 12 inches from side to
side. Yet the building was undamaged
and no one was seriously injured.
The overhead X-bracing resists
torsional movement of the
building about its vertical axis.
 The Transamerica Pyramid has a broad base
that tapers as it rises and increases the stability
of the building.

A network of diagonal beams at the base

supports the building against both the
horizontal and vertical forces.

DIAPHRAGMS .
TRUSSES.
CROSS-BRACINGS.
SHEAR WALLS.
MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES.
 EARTHQUAKE PROOF HOMES:JAPAN
Vast majority of fatalities from earthquakes large or small come from
buildings, or parts of buildings, falling on people.

TOSSING A HOUSE IN THE AIR WHEN

AN EARTHQUAKE COMES
 The house sits, during more stable
times, on a deflated air bag.
When sensors feel a tremor, they switch
on a compressor within a second.

The compressor pumps air into an airbag,

inflating it within a few more seconds, and
ultimately lifting the entire house a good three
centimeters off its supposedly earthquake-proof
concrete foundation.
Then the airbag deflates and the house gently
settles back down
 The company built such a house
on a SHAKE TABLE" and
equipped it with a few
inhabitants, some furniture, and
a couple of glasses of wine.
When the mock tremors hit, in
front of a rapt, hardhat-outfitted
audience, the denizens hardly
noticed, and not a drop of wine
was spilled.

Air Danshin's system is only good for that rare, lateral shaking
earthquake which never moves the earth higher than three
centimeter, and saves its biggest jolts for its finale, homes are soon
to be retrofit with the airbag and its assemblage.
INFERENCES DRAWN:
THANK YOU