Engineering

Mechanics
 Engineering
Mechanics
A branch of Engineering
that deals with External
Forces of an assumably
rigid bodies
 Types of Mechanics
Statics
Deals with the study of the
external effects of forces on rigid
bodies that are at rest and
remain at rest before and after
the application of forces
Types of Mechanics
Dynamics
Study of
External
Forces applied
on a body
inducing any
motion.
Rigid Bodies
a basic requirement for the study of the
mechanics of deformable bodies and the
mechanics of fluids (advanced courses).
essential for the design and analysis of
many types of structural members,
mechanical components, electrical devices,
etc, encountered in engineering.

A rigid body does not deform under load!

Forces
System of Units
 Characteristic of a
Force
Magnitude
Amount of force
Direction
Orientation of
the Path where
the force will be
imposed.
SCALAR

Is a physical quantity that can be

described by a single element of a
number field such as a real number, of
accompanied by units of
measurement.

Is usually said to be a physical

quantity that only has a magnitude
and no other characteristics.
Vector

A quantity that has

both magnitude and
direction.
 Kinds of Loads
Small contact area;
treat as a point

FR is One body
resultant of acting on
w(s) = area another
under curve,
acts at
centroid

One body
Acting on acting on
narrow area another w/o
contact
 Kinds of Loads
Point Load Uniform Load
Loads Series of
concentratedly concentrated
imposed at a loads with
point on a Free uniform
Body Diagram magnitude
 Kinds of Loads
Varying Line
Loads
Series of
concentrated
loads with varying
magnitude
 Force System
Parallel
Forces
A set of forces
having the
same direction
but do not
converge at a
common point
 Force System
Coplanar
Forces
A set of
forces acting
on a single
plane
 Force System
Concurrent
Forces
A set of forces
having all its
directions
converge at a
common point
Resultant Forces
Representative force of the
cummulative effects of forces
Component of a Force
Part of the Resultant force resolved at
the direction of the coordinate axes
Reaction
Reactive force developed by a body on
which a force or system of force acts
Couple Forces
 Force System
Moment
Rotation of a Force
at a point or an axis

Moment Arm
Shortest distance
of a force from
the point or axis
Free-Body Diagram
An isolated view of a body where all
considered set of force/s are shown.
Equilibrium

-is a state in which the resultant of

the force system that acts on a body
vanishes.

-means that both a resultant force and

the resultant couple is zero
QUESTIONS?
It is an instrument at the
ground surface which records
the electrical effects
transmitted to it by a
seismometer and thus shows
the times and amplitude of
earth shocks
What component of steel
dictates its ductility?
CARBON
FBD of a Body with
Friction
-frictional force
N -normal force
R -total surface reaction
-angle of friction
-coefficient of friction
Truss Analysis
Truss Loading
Method of Joints
Method of Section
Section Properties
 Center of Gravity
of Plane Areas
Centroid
The center of mass of a geometric
object of uniform density. Center of
gravity of a plane area
 Moment of Inertia
of Plane Areas
Moment of Inertia
a quantity of a bodys tendency to resist angular
acceleration. It is the sum of the products of the
mass of each particle in the body with the
square of its distance from the axis of rotation

otherwise known as the

angular mass or rotational
inertia, of a rigid body is a
tensor that determines the
torque needed for a desired
angular acceleration about a
rotational axis.
Strength of
Materials
Strength of
Materials

Branch of Engineering that

deals with the internal
effects of forces on the
body.
 It is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with
the behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various
types of loading

Compression Tension (stretched) Bending Torsion (twisted) Shearing

Stress and Strain
Relationship
 Definition
Stress Strain
It is the unit It is the unit
strength of deformation of
element a material
subjected to an
applied load
Stress and Strain
 Definition
Stress
Trajectories
Lines depicting the direction but
not the magnitude of the
principal stress of the beam
 Strain Gauge
Strain Gauge
Also called as extensometer
Instrument to measure a
minute deformation
Stress- Strain Diagram
Proportional Limit
(Hooke's Law)
From the origin O to the point
called proportional limit, the
stress-strain curve is a straight
line. This linear relation between
elongation and the axial force
causing was first noticed by Sir
Robert Hooke in 1678 and is
called Hooke's Law that within
the proportional limit, the stress
is directly proportional to strain
or
The constant of proportionality k is called the
Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is
equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram
from O to P.
Elastic Limit

The elastic limit is the limit beyond which

the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed, or
it is the maximum stress that may e
developed such that there is no permanent
or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.
Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material
will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.

Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain
diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.

Rupture Strength

Rupture strength is the strength of the material at

rupture. This is also known as the breaking
strength.
Elastic and Plastic Ranges
The region in stress-strain diagram
from O to P is called the elastic
range. The region from P to R is
called the plastic range.
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the
work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is
gradually increased from O to
P, in Nm/m3. This may be
calculated as the area under
the stress-strain curve from
the origin O to up to the
elastic limit E (the shaded area
in the figure). The resilience of
the material is its ability to
absorb energy without
creating a permanent
distortion.
Modulus of Toughness

Modulus of toughness is the

work done on a unit volume
of material as the force is
gradually increased from O
to R, in Nm/m3. This may
be calculated as the area
under the entire stress-strain
curve (from O to R). The
toughness of a material is its
ability to absorb energy
without causing it to break.
Material Properties
Elasticity
Property that
enables
deformity upon
the force applied
and recovers
after removing
such force
 Material Properties
Ductility

Property that
enables the
material to
deform under
tensile load
Material Properties
Malleability
The ability to
deform under
compressive
strength
Material Properties
Toughness

The ability to
absorb energy
before rupturing
Material Properties
Modulus of Elasticity or Youngs
Modulus
Itis the ratio between the unit
stress and unit deformation
caused by stress
Derived by Hookes law
Material Properties
Material Properties

Shear Modulus of Elasticity

Also called Modulus of
Rigidity, Modulus of Torsion.
The ratio between shearing
stress and the shearing
strain.
Material Properties
Poissons Ratio

Is the ratio of the

transverse contraction
strain to longitudinal
extension strain in the
direction of stretching
force.
Material Properties
Strain Rate Temperature
Effect Effect
The behavior an The brittle
increased rate behavior low
of load temperature
application can can cause in a
cause in normally
normally ductile ductile
material material
Types of Internal Forces
 Axial Loads
Axial Forces Axial Stresses
Forces done Stress that
along the develops to
longitudinal resist axial
axis or the force
length of the
material
Axial Loads
Types of Axial Loads
Compression Tension
Act of Act of
Shortening or Stretching or
State of State of
Pushing Pulling apart
Together
 Shear Load
Shearing
Shear Force Stress
Forces done Stress that
perpendicular develops to
the
longitudinal resist axial
axis or the force
length of the
material
 Eccentric Force
Bending Torsion
Force Twisting
producing both effect on to
tension and
compression on the cross
to the cross- section
section of the
body.
Torsion Loads
Material Properties
Elastic Permanent
Deformation Set
A temporary Inelastic
change in the strain in a
shape the body
produced by a material
stress less than
the elastic limit
of the material
Material Properties
Stress
Creep Relaxation
Gradual The time-
permanent dependent
deformation decrease in
produced by strength capacity
continuous
application of in a constrained
loads material
Material Failures
Fatigue
Failure to
maintain
elastic limit
subjected to
repeated
series of stress
What is the difference
between a moment, couple,
and torque??
Torque (moment, moment
force) is the tendency
of a force to rotate
around an axis
Couple is a pair of forces,
equal in magnitude,
oppositely directed,
and displaced by
perpendicular
distances
When a beam is in its elastic limit, which
among the situation below would most
likely happen?

a. Beam will continue to deform with slight

load
b. Beam will continue to deform without
load
c. Beam will break eventually after some
time
d. Beam will come back to its original state