Professional Documents
Culture Documents
: (2007
)
(AIMS)
Teaching oil and gas fluid properties, as well as the production of oil and gas caused by changes in oil
pressure principle.
( )
( )
Discuss the stress test analysis (well pressure test analysis), and the production data analysis (production
decline curve analysis).
/ /
Obtain the formation parameters / predict future production rates / calculate the formation of oil or
natural reserves and reserves.
Textbooks and references
(D) (
, Chapter 24 )
2004.
(No. 4 - Oil and Gas Production, Chapter 24), CNPC Training Materials Series, PetroChina Training Institute, Chiayi
City, 2004 (in Chinese).
Pressure drawdown and buildup analysis for oil and gas wells
Case study
Part 1
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
The primary functions of a reservoir
engineer:
the estimation of hydrocarbon in place
the calculation of a recovery factor , and
the attachment of a time scale to the recovery
Note:
pressure/flow rate information
parameters/future flow rate/future pressure
Outlines of Reservoir Engineering
(1) Introduction
Petrophysical properties ( Rock properties)
Fluid properties (gas, water, crude properties)
Calculations of hydrocarbon volumes
Fluid pressure regimes
Density of sandstone
gm 2.2lbm (0.3048 100cm) 3
2.7 3
cm 1000 gm (1 ft ) 3
lbm 1slug
168.202 3
ft 32.7lbm
slug
5.22 3
ft
Pressure gradient for sandstone
Pressure gradient for sandstone
p gD
p
g
D
lbf
5.22 32.2 168.084
ft 3
lbf 1 ft 2 lbf
168.084 2 1.16 2
ft ft 144in 2
in ft
1.16( psi / ft )
Overburden pressure
OP=FP + GP
In non-isolated reservoir
PW (wellbore pressure) = FP
In isolated reservoir
PW (wellbore pressure) = FP + GP
where GP<=GP
Normal hydrostatic pressure
dP
P ( ) water D 14.7
dD [=] psia
dP
( ) water 0.4335 psi/ft for pure water
dD
dP
( ) water 0.4335
dD psi/ft for saline water
Abnormal hydrostatic pressure
( No continuity of water to the surface)
dP
P ( ) water D 14.7 C
dD [=] psia
pV nRT (1.13)
a
( p 2 )(V b) RT (1.14)
V
pV nzRT (1.15)
z f ( P, T , composition)
composition g specific gravity (air 1)
Determination of z-factor
There are three ways to determination z-factor :
(a)Experimental determination
n mole s of gas
pV=nzRT
z=1 for p=1 atm
=>14.7 V0=nRT
n mole of gas
z
14.7V0 z sc T zT p scV0
By varying p and measuring V, the isothermal z(p) function can be
readily by obtained.
(b)The z-factor correlation of standing and katz
Requirement:
Knowledge of gas composition or gas gravity
Naturally occurring hydrocarbons: primarily
paraffin series CnH2n+2
Non-hydrocarbon impurities: CO2, N2 and H2
Gas reservoir: lighter members of the paraffin series, C1
and C2 > 90% of the volume.
The Standing-Katz Correlation
T pc ni Tci
i
P
Ppr
Pseudo reduced pressure (Ppr) Ppc
Pseudo reduced temperature (Tpr) T
T pr const.(Isothermal )
T pc
Fig1.6 p.17
z-factor
The above procedure is valided only if impunity (CO2,N2 and
H2S) is less then 5% volume.
(c) Direct calculation of z-factor
The Hall-Yarborough equations, developed using the Starling-Carnahan
equation of state, are
1.2 (1 t ) 2
0.06125Ppr te
z (1.20)
y
where Ppr= the pseudo reduced pressure
t=1/Tpr Tpr=the pseudo reduced temperature
y=the reduced density which can be obtained as the
solution of the equation as followed:
1.2 (1t ) 2 y y2 y3 y4
0.06125Ppr te (14.76t 9.76t 2 4.58t 3 ) y 2
(1 y ) 3
This non-linear equation can be conveniently solved for y using the simple
Newton-Raphson iterative technique.
(c) Direct calculation of z-factor
The steps involved in applying thus are:
make an initial estimate of y k, where k is an iteration counter (which in this
case is unity, e.q. y1=0.001
substitute this value in Eq. (1.21);unless the correct value of y has been
initially selected, Eq. (1.21) will have some small, non-zero value F k.
(3) using the first order Taylor series expansion, a better
estimate of y can be determined as
k 1 Fk
y y
k
k
(1.22)
dF
where dy
dF k 1 4 y 4 y 2 4 y 3 y 4
(29.52t 19.52t 2 9.16t 3 ) y
dy (1 y ) 4
p
E 35.35 [] [=] SCF/ft3 or STB/bbl
zT
Example
Reservoir condition:
P=2000psia; T=1800F=(180+459.6)=639.60R; z=0.865
> E 35.35 2000 127.8
0.865 639.6
surface volume/reservoir
or SCF/ft3 or STB/bbl
OGIP V (1 S wi ) Ei
at any p and T
M gas P
air
z air RT
M gas p M gas ( M ) gas
gas z gas RT Z gas g z
g
air M gas p M air ( M ) air
z air RT Z air Z
(2) Real gas density
(M ) gas
z
g
(M ) air
Z
V z V nzRT nRT z
nRTz[ p 2 ] nRTp 1 2
p p p p p p
V nzRT 1 1 z 1 1 z
( ) V ( )
p p p z p p z p
1 V 1 1 1 z
Cg [V ( )]
V p V p z p
1 1 z
Cg
p z p
1
Cg 1 1 z
p since p.24, fig.1.9
p z p
Exercise 1.1 - Problem
slug ft
6.707
ft 3 s 2
lb f
6.707
ft 3
lbf 1 1 ft 2
6.707 2
ft ft 144in 2
lb f 1
0.0465 2 0.0465 psi
in ft ft
Gas Material Balance: Recovery Factor
Material balance
depletion reservoirs)
Case 2 water influx (water drive reservoirs)
Volumetric depletion reservoirs -- 1
No water influx into the reservoir from the adjoining aquifer.
Gas initially in place (GIIP) or Initial gas in place IGIP
G Original gas in place OGIP
[=] Standard Condition Volume
G V (1 s wc ) Ei [] SCF
pi
where Ei 35.37 [] SCF / ft 3
z i Ti
Material Balance at standard conditions
Production GIIP Unproduced gas
SC SC SC
G
G p G E (1.33)
Ei
Where G/Ei = GIIP in reservoir volume or reservoir volume filled with gas
HCPV
Volumetric depletion reservoirs -- 2
Gp E
1 (1.34)
G Ei
p SCF
sin ce E 35.37
zT ft 3
p p
Gp 35.37
1 zT 1 z note :T Ti const.
G p pi
35.37 i
z i Ti zi
p pi Gp
1 (1.35)
z zi G
Gp
where the fractional gas re cov ery at any stage during depletion
G
Gas re cov ery factor
p pi pi 1
G p
z zi zi G
G
In Eq. 1.33 HCPV
Ei
const. ?
HCPVconst. because:
1. the connate water in reservoir will expand
d ( HCPV ) d (G / Ei )
dVw dV f (1.36)
1 V f
cf pore vol.
V f (p ) Vf
1 V f
cf
V f p
GP GP
dV f c f V f dp
Vw
1 Vw 1 dVw
cw
Vw d FP Vw dp
FP
dVw c w Vw dp
FP Vf FP
FP=gas pressure
FP
FP
FP Vw FP
FP=gas pressure
FP
G
d d HCPV c wVw dp c f V f dp
Ei
Since
HCPV G
V f PV
1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
HCPV G S wc
Vw PV S wc S wc
1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
G G S wc G
d c w dp c f dp
Ei Ei 1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
G G G S wc 1
c w cf p
Ei initial Ei t Ei initial 1 S wc 1 S wc
G G G c w S wc c f p
Ei t Ei initial Ei initial 1 S wc
G G c w S wc c f p
1
E E
i t i initial 1 S wc
G
G p G E (1.33)
Ei
G cw S wc c f p
Gp G 1 E
Ei 1 S wc
Gp cw S wc c f E
1 1
G 1 S wc Ei
For cw 3 10 6 psi 1 ; c f 10 10 6 psi 1 and S wc 0.2
cw S wc c f
1 1 0.013 0.987
1 S wc
Gp E Gp E
1 0.987 computing with 1
G Ei G Ei
1.3% difference
p/z plot
From Eq. (1.35) such as
p/z
p pi G p
1 (1.35)
z zi G
p p p
i i Gp
z zi zi G Abandon
pressure pab
0
Gp G
p
In v.s Gp plot
z p/z
Y=a+mx
p
y
z
x Gp
pi
m 0 Gp/G=RF 1.0
p pi G p
1 in water flux reservoirs
z zi G
Comparing
p pi G p
1
z zi G in depletion type reservoir
Water drive reservoirs
pi Gp
1
p zi G
(1.41)
z We Ei
1
G
G
G p G We E (1.40)
Ei
GE
Gp G We E
Ei
E
G p G1 We E
Ei
E
G1 G p We E
Ei
Gp We E
G
E E
1 1
Ei Ei
Gp We E Gp We E
or G (or G a )
E E E is plot as function of
1 1 1 E
1
Ei Ei Ei Ei
We E
or Ga G
E
1
Ei
Bruns et. al method
Gp We E
(or Ga )
E is plot as function of
1 E
1
Ei Ei
The result should be a straight line, provided the correct aquifer model has been
selected.
The ultimate gas recovery depends both on
(1) the nature of the aquifer ,and
(2) the abandonment pressure.
E--------------- F
The latter experiment, for determining the single phase z-factor, implicitly
assumes that a volume of reservoir fluids, below dew point pressure, is
produced in its entirety to the surface.
Condensate Reservoir
( ),
,
( )
k s re xf
Pressure buildup
Pressure drawdown
(water drive)
78