Science education centre Kachestvo Ltd.

Autor - Geogy Batov.

 Presentation agenda

IR testing application area

Temperature, temperature measurement
Heat courses
Heat spreading and radiation
Material properties
IR testing equipment
IR testing techniques
IR images post-processing
 Infrared inspection
Infrared (IR) a.k.a Thermal Testing (TT) involves the use of
temperature and heat flow measurement as a means to
predict or diagnose failure.
This may involve the use of contacting or non-contacting
devices, or a combination of both.
A fundamental knowledge of heat flow and the
thermal behavior of materials is necessary to understand
the significance of temperature and temperature changes
on a test sample.
 Areas application
of infrared inspection, IR
Infrared inspection has wide application area.

Bellow listed most common areas for infrared

inspection application.

Infrared inspector have to understand physical

background of many processes to realize what is
acceptable or what is an imperfection
 0,5
C
-1,2

-2,9

-4,7

-6,4

-8,2

-9,9

-11,6

-13,4

Infrared testing is one of the main methods for diagnostic of

buildings thermal insulation.
Infrared inspection able to find thermal leakage through heat
bridges, bad joints etc.
Also it is possible to find such imperfections as cracks and
wetting areas.
Infrared images received from drones or helicopters can help to find e
leakage or simply find the real position of underground pipeline. It is
possible find places where heat supply pipeline thermal insulation
badly damaged or wet.
 83,1
C
75,1

67,0

59,0

51,0

43,0

35,0

26,9

18,9

Thermal testing real solution of electrical equipment NDT inspection

problem.
Main TT advantage that it is contactless. It is possible to detect many
dangerous imperfection like joints with high resistance, problems with surge
protection equipment, transformers, electrical engines etc.
If an electronic part is damaged it can work an short-circled wire and heat
much more than surrounded elements, or not conduct electric power and
heat less than it have to.
All this cases can be easily revealed by TT
Smokestacks cracks, void,
wall burn out, ash deposits can
be detected by means of TT
 Thermal testing used for detection of imperfections of composite materials.
Detection of moisture areas in honeycomb and delimitation in laminates is prescribed
procedure by Boeing and Airbus and many other aircraft manufacturers.
 Pollution of river Fire in forest

Thermal testing can detect places of Reset pollution in the river

(polluted waters temperature usually higher than natural water)
 Thermal inspection was introduced in medicine in 1980th and now widely
used for infrared diagnostic of neoplasm and other health problems.
 Infrared inspection of storage tanks can detect leakage, insulation wetting,
and other imperfections.
 The areas with damaged heat insulation can be easily detected. Damaged
heat insulation can lead to heat loses or to damage and destruction of equipment,
Any kind of transport can be inspected a lot of systems can be checked.
Non functioning exchange pipes and pipes with scale can be
detected. Scaled pipes strongly decrease efficiently of heat
exchanger.
- Heat energy sum of all kinetic energy
of all atoms and molecules of physical
body.
Amount of heat energy measured in :
Joule (J) equal energy spent to move
body on distance 1 meter with applied
force 1 newton.
Calories (cal) Amount of heat necessary
to heat 1 gram of water on 1 :
1 J=0,2394 cal.
An intuitive way to describe how much system is heated.
The heat state is relative to some points of comparison. To define heated states
temperature scales are used. Each scale have fixed points, which can be easily
reproduced: for example

- Ice melting (used as a 0 point for Celsius scale)

- Water boiling with normal pressure (100 degree Celsius scale)

The decree of scale interval between fixed points divided on equal parts.
Celsius degree equal temperature range between ice melting and water boiling
divided on 100 parts

0 C0 100 C0
 00 F 273,150 K 373,150 K

0 0C 100 C0

Only absolute scale Kelvin scale

The start point of Kelvin scale absolute absence of thermal energy (no atom
or molecular movement) 0 It is theoretical point and its doesn't reached.

The ice melting point (00C) is equal 273,150K, water boiling point (1000C) is
equal to 373,150K. So 1 Kelvin degree equal 1 Celsius degree . All
calculations in thermodynamic are performed in Kelvin Scale

T(K)=toC+273 t(oC)= T(K)-273

 00 F 320 F 2120 F

17.8 0 C 0 0C 100 C0

O point for Fahrenheit scale is temperature of melting water + salt + salt

ammoniac in proportion 1:1:1.

This scale is widely used mainly in USA.

The ice+water+amoniac melting point (00F) is equal 17,8 C, water boiling

point (1000 C) is equal to 2120F.

5 9
T (C ) (T ( F ) 32) T ( F ) (T (C ) 32)
9 5
 Heat sources.

It is important to understand what can be

detected by TT method during developing of inspection
technology.
The more we understand about underground process
more information we can get from inspection object.
Many processes can be a heat source or consuming
heat.
 Chemical reactions

+ 02 = 02 + Q
Q Q

One of the main heat sources as a chemical reactions (include fire) Chemical
retraction can have positive heat output (produce heat) or negative output (absorb
heat).
Infrared inspection can be used as general rule for temperature monitoring or even to
find areas with too slow or too fast speed of reaction process.
On thermal picture we can see the fire on candle..
 Heat sources

Expansion / Compression
Compression and tension also lead to temperature
change (it is easy to detect in gaseous media).

- In case of tension we perform work under media

and increase kinetic energy of particles, It is lead
to increase of temperature.
- After tension extra heat speeding in surround
Q Q media and shortly temperature become equal
- If we move piston up gas can expand. The
energy accumulated by case reduced and its
Q Q temperature becomes lover than temperature of
surrounded media.
- Like an in previous case temperature quickly
become equal by means absorbing energy from
surround media.
 Heat sources
Compressors infrared picture
Heat
exchanger

Feeding
pipe Compres
sed Air
The heat from tension can be detected on compressors of any type, combustion
engines, etc.
On picture we can see the compressor cylinder. The feeding pipe is cold (cooled by
transporting air), the pipe with compressed air is hot (heated by compressed air).
To reduce temperature of compressed air heat exchanger frequently used.
Many imperfection can be detected (low compression etc.)
 Change of aggregation state.

During melting or vaporizing a lot of heat is consumed. During condensation or

crystallization a lot of heat can be generated. This phenomena can be used for
detection of wet area with surface free to vaporizing.
For example moisture in building structure. The Illustrative example is a cap with
water. If a cap of water stay on the table closed by cap it has same temperature like
a surround media. If cap is removed temperature of water in goes down because of
energy is spend for water vaporization. The psychrometer (humidity measuring
device) based on this phenomena.
 Infrared picture of wet building facade
12,8
C
12,2

11,6

10,9

10,3

9,7

9,1

8,4

7,8

On infrared picture we can se the building facade. The wet area is

easily seen as a big cold area with not sharp boarding's.
As described before, temperature in wet area is lower then in surround area
because energy speeded for vaporization of water.
 Deformation.

Q Q
P P

Plastic deformation also is a source of heat.

Energy spent on crystal structure damage and destruction of
atomic tides transforms into heat.
It is possible to detect areas with plastic flow.
On thermal image wee can easy see overheated area near
destructed area.
 Friction

Q
Q

Any kind of friction also cause of micro plastic deformation and fraction.
Of cause it lead to heating. Any rolling or parts of bearing (slip or rolling) heat
generated during function.
It is in normal state for bearing.
If one of the bearing heated much more than other it can be that there is a
problem.
 Heat sources

Currents flow
_
+ When current (I) flow through material
meets electrical resistance (R). It cause
heating of wire and energy loses (Q).

Q I R 2

If the resistance of damaged bus bar part

grater then the rest part. Reasonably that
heat output of damaged part will be higher.
Also the heat output depend on current. The
higher the load, the higher heat output.
 Q cm(T1 T2 )
Q Amount of heat, Heat capacity m weight of sample
T1,T2 Temperature between first and second measurement.
Heat energy can not appear or disappear it can be converted to other type of
energy or transmitted to other body.
If body spent heat energy its temperature decrease and increase if body receive
heat energy.

The main ways of spreading heat energy are:

1 Heat conduction.
2 Convection
3 Radiation
Heat conductivity direct mechanism of heat transfer by direct
exchange of heat between molecules and atoms by means of collision.
During contact particles with higher speed (more heat) share energy
with slow ones (cold) . Energy can spread feather. Conductivity heat
transfer described by Fourier's law.

T2

T1
qs (T1 T2 ) F /
Where:
Q Amount of transmitted energy; Heat conductivity of layer;
T1,T2 Temperatures on opposite sides. F Cross section.
Layer thickness
 On infrared image is easy to see
that heat from bearing
spreading along the axis.
This example is very important
because we can see thermal
gradient. This phenomena give
us an ability
T2 split to separate
real heated areas from false
T1 indications.
Any heated area has an thermal
gradient around it, no sharp
lines splitting heat and cold
parts if one body is impossible
Convection most common heat exchange mechanism between solid
body and gaseous and liquid media.
Heat flow described by Newton law and measured in Watt per square
meter :
Q= cv(T1-T2)

cv-heat emission coefficient; T1 surface temperature T2 media

temperature
Convection divided on two types.
- Free convection
- Forced convection.
Convection coefficient depend cv depend on shape of surface, surface
orientation, type of convection.
 Occurs because of change in density
of surround media and media heated
near of surface of solid body.

Heated media have less density and

move to upper level, and new cold
media replace it.

Free convection can transfer huge

amount of heat under normal
T1
condition (regular atmosphere
pressure and temperature 20C.
 T1

In case of forced convection heat exchange can be many time greater

than heat exchange typical for free convection and depend on speed of
airflow.

Wind speed also has great influence on heat flow. For example wind
speed near of one wall of building can be different than near another
wall. It have to be taken into account.
Heat exchange near internal corner of the building usually much slower
then near flat wall (because of different wind speed). Wind speed also
can changed with the height.
 Any body with temperature radiate a heat
Q2 energy as an electromagnetic waves. Hot
T1 Q1 T
2 bodies emit more heat than cold bodies.
Heat radiation depend on many factors and
will be described later.

Heat radiation is only way for heat transfer in vacuum. Amount of

heat transfer in normal condition 20 0 C is relatively small and can be
not taken into account.
It is a big mistake to measure temperature calculate heat radiation
and count it as the only heat loose.
 Thermal conductivity ()
Numerical value of material ability to conduct heat. The thermal conductivity is equal the
amount of energy per second (W) through the peace of material with thickness 1 meter and
cross section 1 square meter with thermal difference on opposite sides equal 1K. W/(m K)

High thermal Low thermal

conductivity conductivity

It is obvious that tea pot with separated from heat by plate with low heat conductivity will heat
slowly than tea pot which separated from heat source by plate with high thermal conductivity
Change of inspection object heat resistance can be detected by thermal camera.
Changes in thermal conductivity often the sign if discontinuity or other defect. Degradation of
chimney, boilers and furnace lining can be detected by changing its heat conductivity.
.
 Heating of composite
plate with delaminating

Thermal image of plate with delaminating and photo of process .

Areas with delaminating have less heat conductivity than other areas. With use of
heating from opposite side we can detect areas where heat flow is lower.
This areas have lesser temperature than other.
Examples of materials Heat conductivity

Heat
conductivity Material
Vt /(*)
389.6 Copper
74 Iron
1.28 Concrete
0.69 Slag Concrete
0.3-0.5 Wood
Metals have more heat conductive than non metals
 Thermal capacity()
Thermal capacity () amount of thermal energy necessary to increase
temperature of one mass unit of substance (usually 1 kg) on 1 K.,
measured in (J/kg*).

Low heat capacity High heat capacity

The sample created from substance with low thermal capacity require less energy
to be heated.
Amount of energy to heat sample can be calculated by multiplying of sample
substance heat capacity on its weight.
 Thermal capacity()

Difference in heat capacity can be used for inspection. For example areas inside
honeycombs flaps can be detected . The surface of flaps heated, temperature areas
without entrapped water rises fast, but in areas with entrapped moisture, the
temperature rise much slower because water has high heat capacity
Heat capacity of some types of materials

Heat capacity
Material
KJ/kg*
0,38 Copper

0,46 Steel

1 Concrete

2,7 Wood
4,28 Water

Water Is one with highest thermal capacity which can be meet often.
 Temperatures conductivity

Temperature conductivity (X) characteristic

define how fast temperature in body
equalize. Its depend on thermal
conductivity and from heat capacity. So it is
composite characteristic .
The temperatures conductivity measured
m2/sec
=/(C* )
thermal conductivity, C heat
capacity, density

NDT inspector know materials physical properties to be able

correctly evaluate results.
 Liquid-glass thermometry;

Resistive thermometry;

Thermo-electric thermometry;

Pyrometer (optical thermometry).

 Liquid thermometry based on the heat
20 extension of liquid. If temperature increase the
volume of liquid in small storage tank increase
10
and excess of liquid will be suppressed to
measuring pipe with scale, increasing liquid
level. The more volume of storage tank and
thinner pipe higher sensitivity of liquid
thermometer. Temperature interval for liquid
thermometry is from -200 up to + 1200.

The main limitations of using of liquid

thermometry
-Relatively big probe size
-High inertia (slow response for temperature
change)
 Voltmeter
Thermoelectric thermometry one of
the oldest most used and reliable
Mea method.
suring V Electrical scheme compare resistance
Supply of heated and not heated (base)
Voltage resistant elements. If temperature of
1 elements is same, the voltage
Base measured is half of supply voltage. If
measured resistances heated its
R resistance increase and measured
400 voltage increase.
300 Nowadays resistive thermometry is
200 the most precise method of
100 T C0 temperature measurement.
It can be used from 100 up to 1000
200 400 600 800 Celsius degree.
 Some types of metals joined by welding
become a thermo couple and convert heat energy
Cold to electric current.
Junction Thermoelectric thermometry based on
Voltmeter compare of electric drive force cold and heated
thermo couple.
V This method can be use for very high
temperatures up to 2500 Celsius degree and has
Work
junction smallest probe size. Widely used in research and
industrial measurement.

For example
Wolfram Rhenium couple 0 2500 C
 Piston
P
Vapors
3

2
P 1 Scale

Liquid String
Equipments principle the difference of gas pressure or its vapors from
temperature, -150 6000.
With change of liquid saturated vapors pressure. The force applied to
piston change. The spring expand or tense to compensate difference in
applied force. Arrow change its position
Condensation thermometry widely used in refrigerators.
Bimetallic thermometer consist of two metal strips with
different thermal expansion coefficient.
When its heated one strip become longer than another and
strip bends in direction of shorter plate.
Bimetallic thermometers widely used for home use
temperature measure unit with an arrow like indication
system or for industrial automatic as thermal switchers.
Liquid crystals can change color in dependency from temperature. After
infrared camera become cheap and available it was widely used. Liquid
crystals have some adventures and used our days over infrared cameras.
First of all measurement is contact (advantage will be described further)
and it can work in infrared non transparent media. For example in water.
 Pyrometry based on measurement of heated body thermal
radiation : 200 6000. The main types of equipment Infrared
camera and Pyrometer.

Pyrometer measure integral temperature of specified area,

Infrared camera able to receive distribution of temperature
field on surface of object.
Heat radiation was opened
by English scientist William
Gretel in 1800.

He detect that after sun

light separation on prism
thermometer located after
red color and not lighted by
any visible light show higher
temperature than all other.
 Waves and its
parameters
Any oscillation process
process of energy
transformation. In
electromagnetic waves
energy transforms from
magnetic (magnetic field
intensively -B) to electric
(electric field intensively E)

Energy converts to each other by sinus law. Electrical and magnetic fields
vectors are perpendicular to direction of wave spreading this type of waves
called transversal waves. Electromagnetic waves spread with speed of light
(visible light is a kind of electromagnetic wave). Time of full transformation of
energy from electric to magnetic and back called oscillation period (T)
measured in seconds. Wavelength path which wave travel for 1 oscillation
period () measured in meters or micro meters.
 Wavelength

C T
Spreading Direction C

n
- wavelength, n frequency
period , - speed of light

Wavelength is equal to speed of wave spreading

(C) multiplied on period. Also it can be calculated
by (n) frequency.

Frequency (n) in reverse value of period and

show how many oscillations happened in one
period of time. Frequency measured in Hz (1/sec)
The higher frequency, the lower
wavelength.
 Energy of photon

E-energy of photon

E
E h /
Wavelength
h Planks constant

The lower wavelength the higher energy transmitted by

single photon.

 Electromagnetic spectrum

0.2 10 400 700 107 (n)

Gamma radiation

X ray radiation

Ultra

Radio waves
Visible Infrared
violet light radiation

Optical range

Visible light is only a part of electromagnetic spectrum. The higher energy has
Gamma radiation and X-ray. The lesser is radio waves. The infrared spectra located
in area near from visible spectra, but have longer wavelength. Ultraviolet spectra
shorter wavelength. Infrared, Visible and Ultraviolent specters together are together
called optical range.
 Infrared spectra sub ranges.
Wave length (mkm) Name of range
0.73-1.4 (NIR) Near infrared radiation
1.4-3 (SWIR) Short wave length infrared radiation

3-8 (MWIR) Medium wave length infrared radiation

8-15 (LWIR) Long wave length infrared radiation

15-1000 (FIR) Far infrared radiation

Infrared spectra range divided on 4 sub specters.

-- NIR close to visible light part of specter. Most of digital detectors sensible to
NIR. NIR used to remote control devices, as a highlight for video cameras in night
time.
- - SWIR is wave range of thermal radiation of body's with high temperature
-- LWIR is wave range of thermal radiation of body's with room temperature
-- FIR Used in infrared telecopy for measurement of radiation from bodies with
temperature 100 K and bellow
 Boltzmann - Stephen Law.
Q(T)
Q K T 4

2 5 k 4
2 3 5,76 108
15c h
T

Energy emitted by body is equal temperature in fourth degree.

It is basic dependency of infrared inspection. It is easy to realize that
small change in temperature greatly change radiated energy.
It give an explanation to infrared thermography precise temperature
measurement phenomena. Most of interfering factors has small
influence relative to temperature change.
 Energy dispersion Law
Intensively of heat radiation reducing
with increase of distance. The intensively
Q(r) of heat radiation connected with distance
Q1 from radiation source in back square
proportion.
Q2
The distance has an influence on
inspection result and have to be taken
r into account.
R1 R2 2
Q1 R2

Q2 R1

Q1 radiation intensively on distance R1

Q2 radiation intensively on distance R2
 Heating of materials
T

800

Heat
400
t

Dependency of Temperature (T) from

time (t) is shown on graph.

If we put metal sample into induction furnace heating chamber and turn of light, it
become dark inside. When we start heating we can se how sample begin to glow.
At low temperature it will be dark red, and become more bright and tend to yellow
color with increasing of temperature.
Ideal black body.

Ideal black body abstraction. Its absorb all

electromagnetic radiation which fall on its surface.
Also it emit heat radiation in accordance to
Boltzmann - Stephen Law. And it thermal radiation e
coefficient not depend on Wavelength.

Ideal black body imitator very important equipment.

Its used for calibration of infrared cameras. Usually it
is a cylindrical opening with diameter 100 mm it
produced from highly heat conductive material (to
provide same temperature in different areas) and
covered with material with high heat absorption.

Electronic system can heat it or cool it to defined

temperature,
Example of infrared camera sensor
defect
 E(,T) Radiation intensively
w2 h
E ( w, T ) 2 3 h
on certain wavelength.
c frequency. T- temperature h Planks constant
e kT
1
Plank suppose that h have to be - an integer
2hc 2
number. Later it was realized that light is
E ( , T )
5 [exp( hc / kT ) 1] radiated by discreetly by quant. Planks formula
can be rewritten through wave length ().
E() In this case formula describe distribution of
4.E+08
200 energy through wavelength (how much energy
3.E+08 emitted on by electromagnetic waves with such
2.E+08 wavelength).
The distribution of energy for bode heated for
1.E+08
200 0 C is shown on picture

0.E+00
0 5 10 15 20
 Energy distribution
E()
400

200

1 mkm 10 mkm

If we build distribution curves for different temperatures we can clearly see

that summary power of radiation (area under the curve) increase with increasing
of temperature. Also we can see that the maximum point of distribution cuvee
moves to area of short wavelength.
This distribution is only for black bodies, which has an emission and
absorption coefficient equal 1 which not depend on Wavelength.
By the way, the surface under the curve increase in forth decree from
temperature and calculated Boltzmann - Stephen Law.
 Wien's displacement law
3000 Wien's law give us an ability to find
( m) wavelength with maximum radiated energy
T (from Planks distribution) To find this
wavelength we can use an approximate
formula.
For example for temperature 100 0 C (373 0
3000
( ) 8 K) wavelength will be 8 mkm.
273 100

10 m 0,5m

T 300K T 6000K

The higher temperature the smaller wavelength.

 Visible light from heated bodies
T = 100 C0 T = 400 C0
Q Q
E() E()
Q Q

0.8 0.8

During the experiment with induction furnace we remember that we can see red glowing
when temperature reaches 400 0 C degree.
Question: Does visual light radiation exist at temperature 100 0 C? The answer give us Planks
distribution. Of course visible light radiation exist even in case of room temperature, but it is
much lesser than our eyes detection threshold.
When temperature reaches 400 0 C the visible light radiation in red color (the longest
wavelength) override detection threshold and wee can see it. But when if we make simple
calculation (with using of Wein's low ) the wavelength with maximal radiated power is 8 mkm
so the most part of radiated energy lies in infrared spectra.
 1. Is there an ultraviolet radiation in regular light bulb radiation spectra ?
A) No its emit only Visible light.
B) Yes main part of lamp radiation is in UV range
C) Yes its exist but it is very small part.
D) Yes its exist and 1/3 of all lamp energy radiate in UV spectra.

2. Temperature of sample change from 20 0 C to 40 0 C. How many times

radiated energy was increased.?
A) 1.3 times.
B) 16 times
C) 2 times.
D) 3.7 times.
 3. Can we find place of petroleum leakage from pipeline which lays on
surface?
A) Yes because petroleum will vaporize and cool surface around .
B) Yes only if fuel has higher temperature than surround media
C) Yes, but only during night time to reduce measures from sunlight.
D) No it is impossible.

4. Astronomers want to inspect an asteroid in infrared spectra. It is heated

by sunlight up to 100 0 K . They want to build a infrared telescope. To
what wave length this telescope have to be designed ?
A) 3-5 m.
B) 8-14 m
C) 30 m +_ 5 m.
D) 100 m _+ 10 m .
 Real bodies heat radiation
-Real bodies emit and absorb only part
Q of power. The power emitted by heated
body in relation to power emitted by
ideal black body with same temperature
it is the scale of darkness or emission
*Q coefficient. No bode can emit more than
ideal black body. So emission coefficient
can take values from 0 1.
Radiated energy of body depend on
emission coefficient strongly
0< < 1 --Grey bodies has emission coefficient
not depending on wavelength.
--Colored body's has emission

Q K T 4 coefficient depending on wavelength.

 incident
Interaction of radiation and body.
p + + =1
Absorbed

J reflected = J * (reflection coefficient)

Transmitted J transmitted = J * (transparency coefficient)
J absorbed = J * (absorption coefficient)
Reflected

When energy falls on inspection object it can be absorbed, reflected or

transmitted.
Sum of absorbed, reflected or transmitted radiation have to be equal to
Incident radiation. So the sum of all coefficient have to be equal 1.

For example for non transparent body, reflection coefficient = 0.3 what
will bi absorption coefficient (). Non transparent medias has transparency
coefficient = 0.

0.3 + 0 + = 1; = 1 0.3; =0.7

 Kirchhoff law define that in any point and any temperature of
surface heat radiation spectral coefficient for defined direction equal the
emission spectral coefficient for reverse direction.

=
For practical use we have to know that emission coefficient is equal to
absorption coefficient from the same angle of view.
 Radiation of grey bodies
3.E+08

Q E=1
E = 0,7
2.E+08

1.E+08

0.E+00
0 5 10 15 20
Grey bodies have same spectral distribution like the black bodies. But lower integral
radiation power. The temperature of black body with same Integral radiated energy
as measured body called radiated temperature.
 What infrared camera measure ?

Q
Infrared camera measure integral radiation from sample (radiated temperature) and
calculate temperature based on this measurement.
The simplified recount formula looks like
Q
E = 1.
Q
T 4
K

Absolutely true - If we input in camera wrong infrared camera will return false result.
 Example of object with infrared picture
86,7
C
78,6

70,5

62,3

54,2

46,0

37,9

29,7

21,6

Metallic polished cup filled with hot water. Water in cup looks hot (because it has good emission
coefficient). The cup itself looks cold (because it has low emission coefficient and it radiation
temperature is low )
 How to measure temperature ?
In this case it is a good question. Because we need to take into account emission
coefficient. Where we can take it? In literature there are data about emission coefficient of
different materials.
For example you can see table. In table we can see copper tarnished and copper oxidized.
It is very difficult to realize what is the state of oxidation and what coefficient we have to
use. A lot of materials are not presented in books for example stoneware. A lot of paints has
unpredictable emission coefficients. And we have to use some procedure to define it.
We have to remember that only small surface layer (like paint or black tape) define
emission coefficients.

Emission coefficients table

Emission coefficient Material
0.9 0.95 Wood, plastic.
0.95 Skin, Water.
0.04 Copper tarnished
0.76 Copper oxidized
 It is easy !
Said in any Infrared cameras manual

We have to compare radiated

xA temperature and temperature measured by
91 contact way. Then use formula. We have not to
forget put a temperature in Kelvin scale

xC xB
Trad
34 89

Hot cup infrared picture
Tcont

273 34
Looks like its work ! Even we can use this

0,84
formula on our hot cap example (contact
measured temperature was 95 0C).
273 89 But cup looks shiny, in tables polished
steel has about of 0.1. What is the reason?
Measure of the same cup with cold water
If we fill cup with cold water we got next
picture. Its look strange. Areas with low
emission coefficient are hot, water is cold and
areas with high emission coefficient also cold.
What is the reason ?

Of course we can use provided formula

Temperature measured contact thermometer in
Cup with cold water. point B was + 5 0 C.

So we make a new physical discovery (sample

273 20,84 emit more energy than ideal black body) or we
1,057 make a mistake in our measurement.
273 5
 Summary radiation
The second problem of thermograph that not own
radiation of sample registered by thermal camera.
Surround So for nontransparent body the reflection coefficient
is will be 1 emission coefficient. And in to camera in
media
addition to own radiation of body multiplied by emission
coefficient will fall reflected radiation of surround media
IO multiplied on reflection coefficient.
Reflected If reflection emission coefficient will be very small the
reflection coefficient become close to 1. This is the reason
why surface of cup is hotter than water inside. Infrared
Own camera register radiation from surround objects which are
hotter. The part with insulation tape have good emission
coefficient. So most part of radiation registered by infrared
camera is radiation of cup. The temperature of cup is low.

Q sample K T (1 sample) K Tmedia

4 4
sample
 How to measure exactly ?
Procedure of measurement step by step described in
ISO 18434 -1 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of
machines Thermography Part 1:

The procedure consist of two main steps:

1) Measurement of reflected temperature.

2) Measurement of emission coefficient.
 Reflected temperature
measurement
The equipment is setup for
Sample equal 1 and distance to
inspection object,
T (media ) Reflector is put near of inspection
object with same angle as
inspection object. (the indirect
mirrored reflector with < 0.1 and
rugged surface required, the
crumpled foil from chocolate is
the best one.)
Reflector temperature measured
by infrared camera.
The reflected temperature its the
average arithmetic value from 3
measurements.

Reflector Reflected radiation

 Now we are ready to measure
First, we need to heat the sample for
T 2 (reflection ) temperature more than 20 decrees higher
than surround media.
1) = 1 and distance to sample inputted
into equipment setup.
2) Temperature of sample measured by
infrared camera with using point or Cross
T1 = T2 + 20 tools. Infrared picture have to be saved.
3) Measure temperature by contact
thermometer in point where we perform by
infrared camera.
4) Once again measure temperature at
point by infrared camera. Than start change
in setup till the temperature measured by
infrared camera in point become equal to
temperature measured by contact way.
It is one small feature. Operator has great
influence on reflected temperature do not change
you position during different measurement
 What has an influence on ?
The next parameters define emission coefficient .

1 Material of inspection object.

2 - Surface roughness.
3 Temperature of sample.
4 View angle. (This factor critically important during inspection )

If two first parameters it is abilities of sample the View angle

can e changes during inspection.
 Roughness influence
h max
Roughness shape of surface and
defined by height of rises depth of
cavities.
h min Roughness can be measured in different
systems.
(Ra) - medium arithmetic deviation of rises
and cavities from medium line rises
( Rz ) - average arithmetic value of 5 rises
height and cavities depth
The higher roughness the higher
emission coefficient .
 Mirror reflection

In case of mirror reflection incoming

radiation reflected on angle equal to

incoming angle. Mirrored reflection can
be meet on smooth polished surfaces. If
sample has mirrored reflection we can
expect very low absorption (emission)
coefficient .
The mirrored reflection occurs when
wavelength 2 times more than average
difference between rises and cavities.
In this case incoming radiation reflect
from surface as from single smooth line.
Scattering reflection
In case of scatering reflection
incoming radiation reflected at random
angle (depend on orientation of surface
part where its fall). If reflection from
sample is scattering we can expect high
absorption (emission) coefficient .
Scattering reflection occurs when
wavelength less than average difference
between rises and cavities. In this case
incoming radiation reflect from each part of
surface separately.
It is impossible to distinguish what
kind of reflection we have using our years.
Because visible light wavelength less than
1 mkm and if roughness is 5 mkm we see
diffused reflection, but in LWIR we will have
mirrored reflection
 Influence of temperature on
emission coefficient

1

400 t
When temperature increase up to 400 C0 Celsius the emission
coefficient of most bodies highly increase.
At high temperatures we can count radiation coefficient close to 1
 Angle of view influence ()
Angle of view one of the most
important factors.

By the definition angle between

the normal to surface and the optical
axis of measurement tool.

For most of dielectric

materials the view angle
have to be not more than 600.
For metals this angle have
not to exceed 400.
In case of further increasing of view
angle the emission coefficient fall to 0 .
Heat reflection example

We all know that water has high

emission coefficient, but on thermal
picture we can see clear reflection of
chimney in water.
The reason is that thermogram
was taken from large view angle.
 Inspection of objects
with low emissivity
It is not recommended to perform inspection of object if its emissivity less
than 0.3 because of very high influence of reflected radiation. On picture we can
see reflection of inspection group in ceramic plated wall.

In case of low emissivity of inspection object surface it is recommended to:

-Paint or attach sticker with high emissivity.

-Oxidiz
-Drilling holes.
 Non-grey bodies
1

m
2,5 8

Some bodies has distribution of its emission coefficient (emissivity)

depending on the wave length.
The usual window glass is an example of non-grey body. On the graph we
can see the graph we can see the distribution of emissivity of glass sample with
thickness of 2 mm. The sample has very low emissivity for wavelength of less
than 2.5 mkm ( because it is practically transparent), and has low emissivity for
wavelength longer than 8 mkm (because it become reflective)
 Non-grey bodies
1

,E

m
2,5 8

The distribution of emitted power by wavelength will depend from

temperature and the emissivity of body. We can build the resulting graph by
compiling dependency of emitted energy from temperature and emissivity.
The resulting shape of curve depend on emissivity and radiation curves.
 Heated body behind glass
m

E
Thermal picture Thermal camera Furnace with glass door

If we try to use wide range (3-5 mkm) infrared camera to measure temperature of
heated part behind glass the detector of infrared camera receive energy from
heated part in short wave length range (where glass in transparent).
An energy from the glass in longer wavelength range.
Because thermal camera measure the sum of all received energy it is impossible
to spit this signals.
 High pass filter
m

E
Furnace with glass door

Hi pass filter cut all low frequency waves (with

wavelength over 3,5 mkm) and allow to pass all
high frequency waves. In this case infrared
camera receive radiation only from heated part.
And camera with this filter can be calibrated on
black body to correctly measure temperature.

Thermal picture
 Low pass filter
m

E
Furnace with glass door

Low pas filter cut all waves with high frequency

(wavelength shorter than 3,5 mkm). In this case
infrared camera receive radiation only from glass.
In this case we can measure temperature of
glass.

Thermal picture
 Short gap filter
m

E
Boiler

Temperature of heat exchanger pipes can

be measured through the flame inside boiler.
Its know that flame has several small gaps
where its transparent. And if we apply a
filters which are transparent in this range we
can remove heat radiation from flame.
Special calibration of equipment required. Thermal picture
 Gas leakage detector

Gas detector function scheme Thermal picture

Dependency of emissivity and reflectivity from wave length can be used

for gas leakage detection.
The gas detection system illuminate pipeline with wavelength 2.5 m.
In this thermal range gases based on carbon and hydrogen is reflecting.
 1. What from listed is not a grey body ?
A) Polished copper.
B) Wood
C) Water
D) Glass

2. Emission coefficient on sample is 0.8 Temperature of sample 80 0 C.

What temperature will show infrared camera (the reflected radiation of
media is neglected)?
A) 64 0 C .
B) 61 0 C
C) 9,4 0 C.
D) 75.6 0 C.
 ekT kx
4 4

0.8T x 4 4

x 0.8T 0.8(273 80) 333K 61C

4 4 4 4
 3. The surface not looks like as a mirror but has low roughness. You try to
perform inspection by infrared camera 8-14 mkm and receive picture
where you can clearly see you reflection. You colleague use camera 3-5
mkm and he have no such problem. What can be the reason ?
A) Rz is 5-10 m.
B) Rz is 1-2 m.
C) Rz is 30 + ..
D) 3-5 camera has no problems with emission coefficient.
4. Level 1 NDT give for evaluation his report of building inspection. In
report temperature walls on top 3 layers has sufficiently lower than
other. Level 1 NDT suppose that wind speed on top layer is higher.
Analyzing his report you got next data: wind speed on ground 5 m/sec,
on top wind speed unknown. Distance to building is 10 meters. Height of
building 40 meters. What was happened?
A) Level 1 made a good proposal.
B) It is impossible to give a correct response with collected data
C) Level 1 perform inspection from inacceptable view angle .
D) Wind speed was too high to perform inspection.
 Infrared inspection scheme
Sample

Infrared camera
Atmosphere

Software

Inspection
result
Inspection
tehnology

Inspection sketch include a lot of details. All shown factors can affect
result of inspection.
 It is sad to inform but many scientific
researches peoples use to kill other
peoples. In 1942 German tanks Tiger
already has an infrared systems of night
vision. A lot of night vision aims for
sniper rifles was produced in same year,.

The electronic optical convertor was used as

a detector. The infrared photons knock out
electrons from sensitive layer (emitter).
Than electrons accelerated by static voltage
and heat target layer where they knock out
photons of visible spectra.

So without any microspheres and scanning devises reliable night infra-

vision system was created.
Of course it was not measuring device, it works in FIR and require an
infrared highlight, but clearly it was the starting point.
 Infrared camera structure

Incoming infrared radiation fall into optical system, which filter it and focus
passed radiation on detector. Detector convert it to electrical signal and
transmit electrical signal to processing block. Processing block calculate the
temperature in accordance to electrical signal, calibrations and setup. Infrared
picture sanded to screen to operator.
Of course all elements of infrared cameras changing in time and the
infrared camera structure and abilities also changing.
 Optical system collect and
focusing incoming heat radiation on
detector.
Field of view It has next key parameters:
- Field of view: solid angle (usually
characterized by angles in x and y
direction). It shows the angle in which
thermal camera collect heat radiation
Spectral range - Spectral range wavelength range in
which optical system is transparent and
provide correct focusing of radiation on
detector.
- Aperture (opening) ratio: quality of
Aperture ratio optical system it show how much heat
radiation collect the optical system..
 Atmosphere transparency
100
windows
Absorption of radiation by

50
atmosphere

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wave length m
During designing of infrared camera optical system atmosphere
properties have to be taken into account. On shown graph we can see
atmosphere transparency depending on wavelength. Transparency
window 2-3 mkm usually not used.
Most of produced equipment use two wavelength range:
1-st Transparency window 3-5 m SWIR .
2-nd Transparency window 8-14 m LWIR
 Which equipment to choose ?
3.E+08 Q
T = 4000C
E = 200C
2.E+08

1.E+08

0.E+00
0 5 8 10 14 15 20
The best way to perform inspection - choose camera with wavelength
work range covering wavelength range of maximal heat radiation of
body. For building with T=0 C0 the best work range is LWIR and SWIR
will be best for metallurgy. Sometimes nongreay bodies can force us ti
use other wavelength spectra.
 Materials for lens.
Wavelength (mkm) Materials
0.76-1.5 Glass, mirrors.
1.5-5.5 Glass, mirrors.
5.6-25 Germanium, mirrors.
25-100 Germanium, mirrors.

The choice material for production of optical system is depend on used

wavelength.

For shortwave (SWIR) equipment special types of class are used.

For systems works in LWIR Germanium magnifying glasses are used.

Mirrors used for any wavelength.

 Infrared camera object-glass

d d

F F

Lenses Mirrors

There are two main types of optical elements in object-glass:

lenses and mirrors . All object-glases Lenses defined by main lens or
mirror diameter (D) and focal distance (F). This parameters define such
object glass parameters as an aperture ratio, image scale.
 Image scale
Infrared sensor
plane
Inspection
object
F
B

D B`
'
B F
M
B D
The image scale (M) ratio object projection size (B) (on film or sensitive matrix)
to real object size in plane perpendicular to camera axis..
 Aperture ratio
Geometrical aperture ratio show how efficient object glass are. Aperture ratio has
an influence on equipment sensitivity. The higher aperture ratio more sensible is
equipment.

d 2
J 2
4f
D Receiving lens diameter.
F focal distance.

The dependency between sensitivity and aperture ratio is not linear and there is
a limit after reaching certain aperture ratio its increasing not give a valuable effect.
But if you looking at different infrared cameras you can see that cheap cameras has
small receiving lens and aperture ratio. The equipment with high price has large
receiving lenses.
 Regardless of low performance and weight infrared camera
1st generation of receive wild area of application. It gives an
ability to receive temperature distribution on surface of
object much faster then any other method. The main
application area of 1st generation infrared camera was
medicine.

Gradually equipment became smaller, portable,

expanded the scope of applications.
 Infrared cameras of first generation has low
sensitivity and performance, heavy weight and bulky
batteries.
The distinguish feature of first generation
equipment was only one thermal detector. (single element
not a matrix). It has a scanning system consists from to
mirrors which in each moment of time project a small sub
angle from view angle to detector. This sub angle is VERY
important characteristic of equipment. Its called instant
view angle

Such systems spend a several seconds to build a

picture by points. So operator have to use a tripod to fix
camera to prevent image dizzy. Also it was really not easy to
perform thermography of moving objects
1 inspection object,
2 - scanning trajectory 6 1
3 scanning spot
4 instant view angle
5- vertical can mirror
6- horizontal scan mirror.
7- Detector.
7

5 4 3 2
Scanning spot are on inspection object which projected to detector in single
moment of time. The instant view angle and distance to inspection object define the
spatial resolution of infrared camera.
 Inspection object with heated spot Thermal camera screen

White circle area projected to heat sensor

White line scan trajectory

During inspection scan system move scan area across surface of inspection
object.
If cold (blue area) is projected to sensor the result on equipment screen cold spot
will be drawn. If hot area will be projector to sensor the hot point will be drawn, if
cold and hot area projected to sensor partially the result drown on screen will
depend relation of surface of hot and cold areas. It is very important for properly
choosing of equipment and inspection technology.
The area which projected in sensor in called instantaneous point of view (IPOV)
 Inspection object with heated spot Thermal camera screen

White circle area projected to heat sensor

White line scan trajectory
If size of instantaneous point of view larger than
thermal anomaly size temperature anomaly can
not be correctly measured. Because in any
moment of time while anomaly will projected to
sensor the part of background surface also
projected to detector. To avoid such situations
we can come closer to object (its reduce size of
IPOV) or use telescopic optical systems
Typical practical example of such phenomena if
you use regular thermal camera with no extra
optic the temperature of electric wires of power
supply line will be less than temperature of
supports (The thickness of wire less than IPOV
and you mix temperature of electrical wire and
sky)
 300 100

3 2 1

1 Cryostat with coolant, 2 infrared transparent window

3 detector (without Cryostat )

Detector of first generation usually use a liquid nitrogen as a

coolant to reduce the heat noises of detector and increase
signal/noise ratio.
Nowadays most of commercial equipment do not use cooling
of detectors.
But most precise scientific equipment use it.
 Materials of detectors.
Efficiency
12
10
InAs (77 K)

PbSe (77 K)
11
10 InSb (77 K)
Ge: Ga (4 K)
HgCdTe

10
10
GaAs QWIP (77K)

Ge
9 Bolometer
10
1 10 100 1000
Wavelength

For first cameras detectors were produced from rare metals (Indium,
selenium) with photo effect ability ( it is able to lose electrons under
influence of radiation and produce electrical current) They are very
sensible, but have not linearly dependency of output signal from
wavelength.
Nowadays a bolometric detectors are used.
They have low sensitivity but its output signal not depend on wavelength.
 Infrared cameras of second generation use linear detector. It was a big step
forward. This give an ability to remove one scanning mirror. The weight of equipment
reduced the operation speed increase. Portable equipment was produced.
In addition to this advantages linear scanner can be used for inspection of objects
moving with constant speed. For example rolling steel. The product movement was
used instead of scanning mirror. Time to form picture was reduced to ( 0.5 -0.1 sec.).
Cooling with liquid nitrogen was replaced with Sterling machine.
Appearance of 2nd generation infrared camera widely increase infrared
inspection application field like the electrical power lines now become inspection
objects

()

Nowadays most on Infrared NDT equipment in use are cameras of 3rd generation..
Main feature of 3rd generation camera absence of scanning system.
The thermal radiation projected by lens directly on 2 dimensional detector
3rd generation cameras compact and lightweight has high performance (some can take
more than 100 frames per second), easy in use and exploitation, relatively cheap.
Its development give an ability to use infrared inspection practically everywhere.
If cooling required it is achieved by Peltier element (semiconductor cooler without moving
parts)
 Bolometer
The oldest pyrometer measurement unit
was a Unit consisted from spherical mirror
and a small wax tank with small hole in
focus of mirror. The hotter object was the
faster wax melt. Heat flow measured in
wax drop per minute.

Later it was a great idea that conductors

resistance change from temperature. But
changes is too small to be measured in
1850s. How to solve it. It possible to put a
long wire in one point. Of course it is
possible to make a ball from thin wire !

Pyrometers with ball of wire become a

reliable equipment for temperature
measurement and called bolometer.

V
 Modern bolometer
Measurement Modern bloomers wire balls a flat and drowned by
gold or platinum or germanium or siliceous
background. Each detector has a balance the same
Ball but located on opposite-shadow side of
background plate.
R R
Resistance of detector and balance is compared
with using of bridge circuit .
Any way it is impossible to produce all balls the
U same. To setup 0 point calibration screen used.
Detector

Balance

It close lenses to prevent radiation flow to

detector. Then difference between detector an
balance measured.
Calibration performed. At this moment we can hear
Click sound.
 In 3rd generation equipment the
instant field of view it is body angle which
corresponding with 1 pixel on detector
matrix.

Animation shows how image projected

on detection matrix.
H = 50 mm The spatial resolution of infrared camera
= 3.3 mRad depend on distance. The maximal
distance of inspection can be calculates as
h
2
0.001
h - size of discontinuity we have to found
- instantaneous field of view
L - maximal distance
 Checking of thermal resolution of IR camera performed the
following way:
There is lattice and background plate with different temperature.
Thermal camera directed on background plate through lattice.
Then we slowly change temperature difference between plate en
lattice until the thermal camera stop distinguish temperatures of this
two plates.
The smallest difference which was distinguished by camera is the
thermal resolution Thermal camera screen
 The spatial resolution check with same equipment. Temperature of
plates setup such way that camera can easily distinguish on Lattice from
background. Than we slowly increase distance from camera to plates.
Distance on which temperature difference between plates start measured
incorrectly (deviation from plate temperature difference value higher than
value in Infrared camera data sheet).
The maximal distance where measurement was performed correctly is
distance on what spatial resolution equal the thickness of openings in 1st
plate. Thermal camera screen
 Differences between infrared
Inspection object camera and pyrometer
Pyrometer is the same equipment as
infrared camera. It also measured radiated

Detetor
temperature but it measure it integrally on some
area (depend in distance) and not give a
temperature distribution.

Pyrometer also has instantaneous view

angle. Because it has only 1 element it is equal
400 mm2 to lenses solid angle.
100 mm2
Each pyrometer has picture like drown on
sketch which define the measurement area
surface depend on distance. We can not
measure temperature of object smaller than
1m measurement area surface on specified
distance.
2m
 Infrared technique
classification
Active Passive

One side Two side

There two main infrared techniques:

- Active inspection
- Passive inspection
 Passive inspection designed to measure temperature and
thermal fields of inspection body appeared as a result of its normal
functioning.
Main targets of passive inspection buildings, electrical
equipment, machinery.

External Heat stimulation used to reveal discontinuities inside

material. Active infrared inspection can evaluate material properties
(like heat conductivity, find areas with irregular properties, reveal
discontinuity)
Main targets of passive inspection composite materials,
honeycomb.
 Active infrared inspection
Heat source
Heat source
Heat conductivity of material
lesser than base material
Animation shows the principle of
active infrared inspection. If
discontinuity conduct heat less than
basic material than heat will be
accumulate before it on the side of
heat source.
In case of one side inspection (the
heat source and infrared camera on the
same side of inspection object)
discontinuity area will be more heated.
In case of two side inspection infrared
on opposite side opposite side of
sample the area over discontinuity will
be more cold.
If conductivity of imperfection will be
more than conductivity of base
material than will se inverse picture
 Active 1 side inspection
synchronous
Heat source
Inspection object
Heat source and camera pointed in
one area. Inspection and heating are
performed simultaneously.
There is a lot of problems with
reflection of heat from inspected
surface.
asynchronous
Heat source
aa Inspection object
Inspection performed after heating
(during cooling time) . The time delay
can be obtained by means be moving
of sample relatively heat souse and
camera with constant speed. Or
simply we can heat an area and make
a thermal imaging after delay.
 Active 2 side inspection
synchronous
Heat source
IO
Heat source and camera pointed in
one area, but on opposite surface
located. Inspection and heating are
performed simultaneously.
Most sensitive inspection, very
tolerant to poor heat distribution.
Require two side access
asynchronous
Heat source
IO
Inspection performed after heating
(during cooling time) . The time delay
can be obtained by means be moving
of sample relatively heat souse and
camera with constant speed. Or
simply we can heat an area and make
a thermal imaging after delay
 Imperfection imaging

Inclusion with high thermal resistance

Heating side Back side If we heat a sample with an
inclusion with high thermal
resistance :
- Surface on heating side over
inclusion will have higher
temperature then surround area
(because the heat in this area not
spread inside object and
accumulated near surface.)
- Surface on back side over
inclusion will have lower
temperature then surround area
(because the heat flow through
inclusion is mach lover than heat
flow through base material)
 Imperfection imaging

Inclusion with low thermal resistance

Heating side Back side If we heat a sample with an
inclusion with low thermal
resistance we will see inverse
picture:
- Surface on heating side over
inclusion will have lower
temperature then surround area
(because the heat in this will
spread inside inclusion much
faster than in other areas.)
- Surface on back side over
inclusion will have higher
temperature then surround area
(because the heat flow through
inclusion is much higher than
heat flow through base material)
 Infrared image of Sample
with delimitation
Composite sample Drywall

On the infrared picture of composite sample with delaminating we can clearly

see areas with low heat conduction (delimitations). The one side inspection
technique was used. On sample composed from multi layer Drywall we can
clearly se areas with low heat insulation (Ar2, Ar3) and area with high heat
insulation (Ar1). Two side inspection technique was used
 Time of heat response
delay
Heat source

T
1
2

0
1
2 t
t1 t2
t sek
The heat response from inclusion reveal on surface with delay. The deeper
under surface inclusion located the more time delay the larger is a time delay.
The higher is heat conductivity the less is time delay. On picture we can see that
time response from inclusion 1 revealed after t1 time and from inclusion 2 after
rime t2.
It is possible to evaluate depth of delimitation location by time delay.
 Heat conductivity modeling
Sample with delaminating Time delay modeling
modeling for sample with 2 delimitations

It is possible to perform numerical

analyze of heat distribution process to
choose optimal time for infrared
imaging and to build dependency of
inclusion location depth from time
delay the heat capacity
 Lamps for active IR

Xenon lamp Halogen lamp Usual lamp

Time of pulse 1 ms power 30 J/m2 Time of use 10-50 s power Time of use 1-1000 s
uniformity of distribution 10 % 5000 J/m2s power 2000 J/m2s
(are 0.2x02 m). uniformity of distribution uniformity of
25 % (area 0.5x05 m) distribution 300 % (area
Give high concentrated Heat pulse. 0.5x05 m)
Can be used for high resolution Frequently used Have Have non uniform heat
inspection or inclusion depth enough good heat distribution usually not
measurement distribution to find applicable for IR NDT
inclusions
Regardless of used equipment, all processing software has the equal
basic functions. The best way to realize how does it works try to look
on processing examples.
Set up scale range
In case we use
automatic scale
temperature range
choosing from the
highest temperature to
lowest temperature in
frame.
Many details on IR
image can be unseen.
Necessary to choose
thermal range as more
close to expecting
temperature of
inspection object.

Auto Manual
 Point Tool

a b
Emissivity 0,95 0,95
T 67 31

Show temperature in specified point on infrared image. Each point

can have its own emissivity value
Many NDT inspectors like to use point tool . Its give an information
about temperature in point. The emissivity in point usually can be
defined.
On infrared picture we can see application of Point tool to
measure temperature of heated contact joint. Measured temperature is
67 0
 Tool Area

a b
Emissivity 0,95 0,95
T max 83 36
T min 22 22
med. 37 26

Tool Area give us much more information. It gives the max and min
temperature in area and medium temperature. The emissivity also can be
defined.

If we analyze same infrared picture with using Area tool we find that T
max in joint 83 0. Difference of 16 degree in compare with Point tool.
The reason is that it is hard to find hottest point manually.

The area is most used tool for infrared inspection.

 Tool Line.

Tool Line used if we have to define the distribution of temperature

along line. For example corner of building or frame of window.

The line tool give a thermal profile along the line.

It is no any more reason to use line tool in any other case.

 Base Area (point).

+
Ref

+
A +6 (ref)

If we need do compare serviceable and anomaly area Reference

(base) Area (point) tool can be used. After Base point is applied all
temperature will be shown relative to this value.

Base point usually pasted on part of object without imperfections.

 Isotherm tool.

Give an ability to highlight the imperfection borderline, define its

area
During inspection in addition to thermal anomalies, the fake indication
can appeared.
 False indication
Reflection

Thermal picture Reflection in

Inspection Thermal picture with reflection visible light
scheme sketch

The reflections one of the serious problem of infrared inspection. The reflection often
looks like the indications from imperfections. On picture we can see reflection of lamps in
water filets.
The best way to avoid reflection is to remove all heated devices and turn off the light.
But it is not always possible.

Often reflections can be defined because of sharp edged without thermal gradient, but
it not always work.
False indication
Reflection
 Ways to split reflections from
imperfections

Reflection
imperfection imperfection
Inspection
Thermal picture
scheme sketch

One more way to separate reflection from imperfection changing inspection angle
and point.
If we change our position during inspection the radiation from external heat source
can be avoided
 1. In very cold winter (temperature is higher then IR camera low limit)
you perform inspection of building and see the hotter are in center of
camera screen. You move camera to other place hot area follow with
movement of camera and stay in center?
A) Camera is broken.
B) Camera have to be recalibrated
C) Hot area it is you reflection.
D) No right answer.

2. You need to measure average temperature of wall surface to calculate

the heat flow what tool you will use ?
A) Line
B) Area
C) Point.
D) Isotherm.
 3. Bolometer works on principe of ?
A) Photo effect
B) Conductor resistance change from temperature
C) Conversion photons to electrons
D) Gas ionization by photons

4. What is spatial resolution of infrared camera with instantaneous view

angel 0.001 Rad on distance 2 meters ?

A) approximately 2mm.
B) approximately 20 mm.
C) Approximately 4mm.
D) Approximately 10 mm.
 5. What is the instantaneous view angel of infrared camera with lens
angle 25x25 0 and matrix 640x640 px ?
A) 68 mrad.
B) 0,039 rad
C) 0,064 rad.
D) 0.68 mrad.

6. What type of infrared inspection best fit for delamination detection.

A) Passive.
B) Active 1 side
C) Active 2 side.
D) B or C.