Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nendyah Roestijawati
Ideas and evidence
Studies of treatment effects
Exclusion criteria :
Comorbidity
Not expected live long enough
Contraindications of one treatments
cannot randomized
Refuse to participate
Do not cooperated
Intervention
No intervention
Being part of study Hawthorne
effect
Usual care
Placebo treatment placebo
effect
Another intervention current use
Changes of outcomes
Allocating treatment
Random allocation/randomization
free of confounding
Baseline characteristics
comparing frequency in treat and
control group
Stratified randomization patients
gathered into groups with similar
levels of prognostic factors
Baseline characteristic
Composite outcome
Treatment effects
Measure Definition
Relative Risk Control event rate - treatment event rate
Reduction Control event rate
Absolute Rate Control event rate treatment event rate
Reduction
Number needed 1
to treat or --------------------------------------------------------
number needed Control event rate treatment event rate
to harm
Efficacy and effectiveness
Best choice
treatment
Experiment
treatment is
better
Superiority and non inferiority trials
Subgroups
Effectiveness in individual patients
efficacious, effective, working,
benefits worth discomfort and risk
Trials N=1 rarely done and
publish
Limitations randomized trials