Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
TRANSFORMER
SBWM Division
ELECT DEPTT
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Transformer
Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors than the low voltage coils.
Core type Shell type
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the transformer main tank. The main function
of conservator tank of transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the transformer.
Whenever electrical power transformer is loaded, the temperature of the transformer insulating oil increases,
consequently the volume of the oil is increased. As the volume of the oil is increased, the air above the oil level in
conservator will come out. Again at low oil temperature; the volume of the oil is decreased, which causes the volume
of the oil to be decreased which again causes air to enter into conservator tank. The natural air always consists of more
or less moisture in it and this moisture can be mixed up with oil if it is allowed to enter into the transformer. The air
moisture should be resisted during entering of the air into the transformer, because moisture is very harmful for
transformer insulation. A silica gel breather is the most commonly used way of filtering air from moisture.
Buchholz Relay in Transformer
Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from main tank to conservator tank. It has
mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can
move up and down depending upon the oil level in the Buchholz relay Container.
Buchholz Relay Principle
The Buchholz relay working principle of is very simple. Buchholz relay function is based on very simple mechanical
phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be a minor internal fault in the transformer such as an
insulation faults between turns, break down of core of transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be
decomposed in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to decomposition of transformer
insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz container which causes fall of oil level in it.
Fall of oil level means lowering the position of float and thereby tilting the mercury switch. The contacts of this mercury
switch are closed and an alarm circuit energized. Sometime due to oil leakage on the main tank air bubbles may be
accumulated in the upper part the Buchholz container which may also cause fall of oil level in it and alarm circuit will be
energized. By collecting the accumulated gases from the gas release pockets on the top of the relay and by analyzing
them one can predict the type of fault in the transformer.
More severe types of faults, such as short circuit between phases or to earth and faults in the tap changing equipment,
are accompanied by a surge of oil which strikes the baffle plate and causes the mercury switch of the lower element to
close. This switch energized the trip circuit of the circuit breakers associated with the transformer and immediately
isolate the faulty transformer from the rest of the electrical power system by inter tripping the circuit breakers
associated with both LV and HV sides of the transformer. This is how Buchholz relay functions.
Y- zigzag
- zigzag
Open Delta or V
Scott or T
Typical single phase transformer connections
Working of a transformer
Primary and secondary on the same winding. Therefore there is no galvanic isolation.
Ideal Transformers
Zero leakage flux:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary currents
are confined within the core
The windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
The core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic
flux
Loss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents
Transformer on No-load
Transformer on load
Balun Transformers
A balun is a device that joins a balanced line (one that has
two conductors, with equal currents in opposite directions,
such as a twisted pair cable) to an unbalanced line (one that
has just one conductor and a ground, such as a coaxial
cable). A balun is a type of transformer: it's used to convert
an unbalanced signal to a balanced one or vice versa. Baluns
isolate a transmission line and provide a balanced output. A
typical use for a balun is in a television antenna. The term is
derived by combining balanced and unbalanced.
Case Study for Determining of Transformer rating..
Find Rating of Single Phase Transformer
Rating of Single Phase Transformer:
P = V x I.
Rating of a Three Phase Transformer
Rating of a Three Phase Transformer:
P = 3. V x I
Electrical Machines
Open-circuit Test
In Open Circuit Test the transformers secondary winding is open-circuited, and
its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line voltage.
Definition of % efficiency
V2 I 2Cos 2
*100
Losses V2 I 2Cos 2
V2 I 2Cos 2
*100
V12 / Rc1 I12 R1 I 2 R2 V2 I 2Cos 2
2
V2 I 2Cos 2
*100
V12 / Rc1 I 2 Req 2 V2 I 2Cos 2
2
29
Maximum Transformer Efficiency
The efficiency varies as with respect to 2 independent quantities namely, current and power factor
Thus at any particular power factor, the efficiency is maximum if core loss = copper loss
.This can be obtained by differentiating the expression of efficiency with respect to I2
assuming power factor, and all the voltages constant.
At any particular I2 maximum efficiency happens at unity power factor. This can be
obtained by differentiating the expression of efficiency with respect to power factor, and
assuming I2 and all the voltages constant.
Delta () connection
Line-Line voltage is same as phase voltage
Line current is 3 phase current
Power is given by 3 VL-LI L cos or 3VphIphcos
LOTO -
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USHA MARTIN LIMITED Rev: 00
P.O:Gamharia, Dist: Sarikela-Kharsawan, Jamshedpur-832108, Jharkhand
PERMIT TO WORK
Permit No.:.........................
Date:
From. To. .. Time: From. To
Department/Area:..
Equipment: ..
Nature of Job:
Isolation details:
CLEARANCE: I certify that all persons under this PTW have been withdrawn from equipment. All equipments/ Tools/loose materials have been
removed.
Name ... .
Signature ..
A B c D
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:(3) ?
A B C D
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:(4)
A = B = C =
D = 0
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:(5) ONAF ?
B Oil Natural Air
A Oil Natural Air Flow C Oil Natural Water Forced D Oil Neutral Air Fill
- Forced