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TV TOWER MOSCOW
OSTANKINO
577 m
INSAT
ORBITAl ELEMENTS
Johannes Kepler (1571 1630)
German mathematician, astronomer
and astrologer
0<e<1
e=1
e>1
b
a
2. the radius vector from the sun to the planet sweeps
out equals areas in equal times
T2 = (42/).r3
=3.986004418 .10 14 m3/s2= Kepler constant=Gme
Geometry in Orbit Plane
Semi-major Axis a
Eccentricity e
Geometry of Orbit in Space
1. Centripetal acceleration m
FIN 2
r
2. Centrifugal force v2
FOUT m
r
Sources of Perturbations
Earth Gravitational Field
Air Drag
Solar Radiation
Sun/Moon Influence
Thruster Activity
Others (e.g. planets, albedo)
Non uniorm Gravitation of the Earth
Earth's gravity
measured by
NASA's GRACE
mission,
showing
deviations from
the theoretical
gravity of an
idealized
smooth Earth,
the so called
earth ellipsoid.
Red shows the areas where gravity is stronger than the smooth,
standard value, and blue reveals areas where gravity is weaker.
. Orbit Perturbations
Air Drag
Generally decrease of semi-major
axis
For elliptical orbits decrease of
apogee height
For circular orbits decrease of orbital
height
Decrease of orbital period (increase
of satellite velocity)
Depending on Solar activity (Solar
Flux)
Orbit Determination Principles (1)
[z f ] Min
Look Angles Chart for
Geostationary satellite