VOLTAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES

SESSION 1

SUBMITTED BY
SUMIT KUMAR SINGH
MTECH 1ST YEAR
(POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING)
 1
CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
2. CAUSES OF OVER AND UNDER VOLTAGE
3. OBJECTIVE
4. METHODS OF VOLTAGE CONTROL
i. SHUNT COMPENSATOR
ii. SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
iii. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL
iv. OLTC
v. STACOM

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
 2

INTRODUCTION

Voltage control in an electrical power system is important for proper

operation of electrical power equipment, to prevent damage such as
overheating of generators and motors, to reduce transmission losses, and
to maintain the ability of the system to withstand and prevent voltage
collapse. In general terms, decreasing reactive power causes voltage to
fall while increasing it causes voltage to rise. A voltage collapse occurs
when the system try's to serve much more load than the voltage can
support
 3

the power system supplies power to a vast number of loads and is feeding
from many generating units, there is a problem of maintaining voltages
within required limits. As load varies, the reactive power requirements of the
transmission system vary. Since the reactive power cannot be transferred or
transported over long distances, voltage control has to be effected by using
special devices located through the system which possess difficulties in
keeping sufficient levels of voltage in the power system network
 4

CAUSES OF OVER AND UNDER VOLTAGE

Overvoltage
Overvoltage are less common than under voltage but they also arise
due to system faults. Overvoltage can occur due to single line to
ground fault, which in turn will raise the voltage of the other
phases. It can also cause due to disconnection of heavy industrial
loads or switching on the capacitor banks. This is generally due to
ungrounded or floating ground delta systems, where a change in
ground reference would give voltage rise to the ungrounded system.
 5

Under voltage

1. Closing and Opening of Circuit Breakers

2. Due to Fault
3. Due to Motor Starting
4. Due to Transformer Energizing
5. Equipment Failure
6. Bad Weather and Pollution (Lightning strikes, Flash over, etc..)
7. Construction Activity(damage to underground cables
8. Over loading
 6

OBJECTIVE

the control of voltage and reactive power should satisfy the

following objectives :
Voltages at all terminals of all equipment in the system are
within acceptable limits
System stability is enhanced to maximize utilization of the
transmission system
The reactive power flow is minimized so as to reduce R I 2 and
X I 2 losses.
 7

METHODS OF VOLTAGE CONTROL

Shunt compensation
Series compensation
Synchronous condenser
Automatic voltage regulation (AVR)
On load tap changing transformer
Static synchronous compensator(STATCOM)
 8
SHUNT COMPENSTATION
The device that is connected in parallel with the transmission line is called the shunt compensator.

A shunt compensator is widely used in transmission system to regulate the voltage magnitude. It can

be provided by either a current source ,or voltage source

The Shunt connected reactors are used to reduce the line over voltages by consuming the reactive

power,

The shunt connected capacitors are used to maintain the voltage levels by compensating the reactive

power to transmission line.

Switching in shunt capacitor should improve the bus voltage if the compensation is effective.
 9
PR + JQR
Ps+ JQs
Power sending
PR+ J(QR +Qc )
JQc

Shunt compensation Load

Figure : Transmission line with shunt compensation

 10

SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER

A synchronous condenser is very similar to a synchronous generator with the

exception that it is not capable of producing any active power. It produces only
reactive power. Synchronous condensers do not need a prime mover (steam
or water turbine) as they are operated like a motor. The power system
supplies the active power to turn the rotor. An excitation system is used to
control the amount of MVAR produced by the synchronous condenser.
11
 12

AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) senses the voltage level at the
generator terminals via a potential transformer (PT).
If the measured voltage is lower than the set point, the AVR will cause the
excitation system to increase the DC excitation current. This DC current is
applied to the generator's rotor field winding. If the voltage measured is
higher than the set point, the excitation system will lower the DC excitation
current applied to the field winding.
 13

OLTC
OLTCs enable voltage regulation and/or phase shifting by varying
the transformer ratio under load without interruption. On load tap
changers generally consist of a diverter switch and a selector
switch operating as a unit to effect transfer current from one
voltage tap to the next. The selector selects the taps and is
operating in the transformer oil. The diverter is the actual switch
with high current contacts that balances the load from one tap to
the other. The diverter is inside a separate compartment inside
the transformer tank. The diverter and selector are positioned
above each-other and driven by the same axe. The voltage
between the taps is known as the step voltage, which normally
lies between 0.8 % and 2.5 % of the rated voltage of the
transformer
14
 15

STATCOM
A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), also known as a static
synchronous condenser (STATCON), is a regulating device used
on alternating current electricity transmission networks. It is based on
a power electronics voltage-source converter and can act as either a source
or sink of reactive AC power to an electricity network. If connected to a
source of power it can also provide active AC power. It is a member of
the FACTS family of devices. It is inherently modular and electable.

A STATCOM can be used to regulate the reactive power flow by changing the output
voltage of the voltage-source converter with respect to the system voltage.
 16

A single-line STATCOM power circuit is shown in Fig.(a),where a VSC is connected to a

utility bus through magnetic coupling.

In Fig. (b), a STATCOM is seen as an adjustable voltage source behind a reactance

meaning that capacitor banks and shunt reactors are not needed for reactive-power
generation and absorption, thereby giving a STATCOM a compact design, or small
footprint, as well as low noise and low magnetic impact.

The exchange of reactive power between the converter and the ac system can be
controlled by varying the amplitude of the 3-phase output voltage, Es, of the converter,
as illustrated in Fig. (c).

If the amplitude of the output voltage is increased above that of the utility bus
voltage, Et, then a current flows through the reactance from the converter to the ac
system and the converter generates capacitive-reactive power for the ac system.
 17

If the amplitude of the output voltage is decreased below the utility bus voltage, then the
current flows from the ac system to the converter and the converter absorbs inductive-
reactive power from the ac system.

If the output voltage equals the ac system voltage, the reactive-power exchange becomes
zero, in which case the STATCOM is said to be in a floating state.

Adjusting the phase shift between the converter-output voltage and the ac system voltage
can similarly control real-power exchange between the converter and the ac system. In
other words, the converter can supply real power to the ac system from its dc energy
storage if the converter-output voltage is made to lead the ac-system voltage.

On the other hand, it can absorb real power from the ac system for the dc system if its
voltage lags behind the ac-system voltage.
 18

19
 19

LITERATURE REVIEW

Voltage controls in active distribution system have been decomposing into three
hierarchical level i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary levels. The primary control is
performed by AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator), the secondary control is
performed by on load tap changer (OLTCs) meanwhile tertiary control is a short
operation planning is developed to coordinate the action of primary & secondary
control device according to secured operation and economic criteria based on load
and generation forecast.

voltage control in distribution system is normally achieved by in cooperating on

load tap changer (OLTCs) and switched shunt capacitor only in most distribution
system.
 20

Controlling the voltage on a distribution system with DG is an important and

challenging one for the DNOs , DG owner and load customer . with increasing DG
connections on the network , this issue is becoming more complex. since each
existing control method has their advantages and disadvantages , an ideal solution
is to employ different method in different scenario with balance between cost and
technical impacts.

Currently developments are going on FACTS devices for voltage control application
 21

REFERENCE

1. www.google.com
2. en.wikipedia.org
3. Ieeeexplore
Thank you