FIRST ORDER ORDINARY

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 TOPIC OUTCOMES

By the end of this lecture, students should

be able to:
Solve the Separable Equations & Its
Applications
Solve the Linear Equations & Its
Applications
The Classification of Differential Equations

by Type
by Order
CLASSIFICATION : by Degree
by Linearity
What is Differential Equation (DE)?

An equation involving
derivatives of one or more
dependent variables w.r.t one
or more independent variables

Ex:
d.v
Those that are differentiated df
The variables w.r.t.
dx i.v

which differentiation
occurs
 CLASSIFICATION :

By Type:
Ex: Equation (1),(2),(3),(4)
ODE (Ordinary DE): & (6) in Table 1
a differential equation involving
ordinary derivatives of one or df dg
6 4x cos x
more dependent variables w.r.t. a dx dx --(1)
single independent variables.

Ex: Equation (5) & (7) in

Table 1 PDE (Partial DE):
3 f a differential equation involving
4 x 2
2y partial derivatives of one or more
xy 2
--(5) dependent variables w.r.t. more
than one independent variables.
f f
4x2 2 y --(7)
x y
CLASSIFICATION :

BY ORDER: Ex:
The highest derivatives in a differential d2 f df
equation 2
4 x cos 2 x
dx dx
The order of an equation is not affected
by any power to which the derivatives d 2 y dy
3

may be raised. 3x 8
dx dx
2

BY DEGREE:
The degree of a d.e is the degree (power) to
which the highest derivative is raised.
Ex: 2
d f
3
df
2

2 4 x cos 2 x
dx dx
 CLASSIFICATION :

BY LINEARITY:
Linear differential equation is easier to solve.
A differential equation is said to be linear if:

the dependent variable and it derivatives occur to

the first power only.
there are no products involving the dependent
variable with its derivatives.
there are no non-linear functions of the dependent
variable (e.g: sine, exponent)

Ex:

f f dx
2
4x2 2 y
dx
0
x y 4

dt dt
linear nonlinear
f
3
dx
4 x2 2 y 4 sin x 0
xy 2
dt
Solving First-Order Differential Equations
In this subtopic, we are going to discuss ordinary differential equations
of first order of types :

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS

LINEAR EQUATIONS

Each types of these diff. eqn. will be discusses in details which includes
the techniques of how to identify and solve the given diff. eqn.
 Subtopic 9.3 (P. 618)
SEPARABLE EQUATIONS:

A separable equation is a first-order differential

equation in which the expression for dy/dx can be
factored as a function of x times a function of y.

In other words, it can be written in the form

The name separable comes from the fact that the

expression on the right side can be separated into
a function of x and a function of y.
Equivalently, if f(y) 0, we could write

where h(y) = 1/f(y).

To solve this equation we rewrite it in the differential form

h(y) dy = g(x) dx

so that all ys are on one side of the equation and all xs

are on the other side.

Then, integrate both sides of the equation to obtain the

solution:
 SEPARABLE EQUATIONS:

Example :

Identify whether the following is a separable differential equation

dy
a y 3x 2 y
dx
dy x y
b
dx x
dy
c e x y
dx
dy
d sin x cos y cos x sin y 0
dx
Solution:

dy x y
dy
a y 3x 2 y b
dx dx x
can be written as The given equation is not a
separable differential equation.
dy
y (1 3 x 2 )
dx
dy
(1 3 x 2 ) dx
y
Hence, it is a separable
differential equation.
Solving Separable Equations :
dy
Step 1: Rewrite the separable equation g ( x)h( y ) in
dx
1
separated form dy g ( x)dx
h( y )

Step 2: Integrate each side of this equation w.r.t its respective

variable.

dy
Example: Solve 1 y2
dx
Solution: dy
Separating variables: dx
1 y 2

dy
Integrating : dx
1 y 2

tan 1 y x c
y tan( x c)
 Example 1 (p. 619)

(a) Solve the differential equation

(b) Find the solution of this equation that satisfies the initial
condition y(0) = 2.
 Solution:
(a) We write the equation in terms of differentials and
integrate both sides:
y2 dy = x2 dx

where C is an arbitrary constant.

Solving for y, we get

where K = 3C (Since C is an arbitrary constant, so is K )

(b) If we put x = 0 in the general solution in part (a),
we get

To satisfy the initial condition y(0) = 2, we must have

and so K = 8.

Thus the solution of the initial-value problem is

Example : Solve the given differential equation.
dy
a x 1 y
dx
Solution:
dy dy dx
We write x 1 y as
dx 1 y x
Integrate both sides
dy dx
1 y x

We get
ln 1 y ln x k , k constant
ln 1 y ln x k
1 y
ln k
x
1 y
e k ; where e k A (constant)
x
or y Ax 1.
 Test your understanding.
1. Find the solution of the initial-value problem

dy
a. x 2 (1 y ) y 2 (1 x) 0, y (1) 1
dx
dx t2 1
b. , x(0) 2
dt x2
xe x 2 x
2
dy
c. 2
, y (0) 1
dx 6y

2. Find the general solution of the equation Answer :

x a) D 2e x
dy e dy 6 sin x

a. dx y c. dx y b) y ln( x3 c)
dy 3 x 2 y2
b. d. x dx sec x sin y dy 0 c) C 6 cos x
dx e y 2
d ) cos y x sin x cos x c
APPLICATIONS:

NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

The rate at which the temperature of a body changes is

proportional to the difference between the temperature
of the body and the temperature of the surrounding medium.

dT dT
T Ts or k T Ts
dt dt

Ts , surrounding temperature
NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

dT
(T Ts )
dt
dT
k (T Ts )
dt
dT
(T Ts ) k dt
ln( T Ts ) kt C
e ln (T Ts ) e kt C
(T Ts ) e kt . e C
T Ae kt Ts where A eC
Example:
A turkey is taken from the oven at 300 F and placed at room
temperature of 70 F. In t 2 minutes, the turkeys temperature
is 200 F. Find how long it takes the turkey to cool to 150 F.

Solution:

Rooms Temperature at 700F

300 0F 200 0F 150 0F

t = 0 minutes t = 2 minutes t = ?? minutes

Solution:
dT
(T Ts )
dt
dT
k (T 70)
dt
dT
(T 70) k dt
ln(T 70) kt C
eln (T 70) e kt C
kt
(T 70) e . e C

T Ae kt 70
T 0 300, T (t ) 150 when t ??
T 0 Ae 0 70 300
A 230 150 230e 0.2853t 70
0.2853t
e 0.3478
T t 230e kt 70 t 3.7 minutes
T 2 200,
Therefore, it takes 3.7
T 2 230e 2 k
70 200 minutes for the turkey
to cool to 150 F.
e 2 k 0.5652
2k 0.5705
k 0.2853

T t 230e 0.2853t 70
 Test your understanding.

A body of temperature 80 F is placed in a room of constant temperature 50 F

at time t=0; and at the end of 5 minutes, the body has cooled to a temperature
of 70 F .

(1) Formulate the mathematical model for the cooling of the body and solve it.
(2) What is the temperature of the body at the end of 10 minutes?
(3) When will the temperature of the body be 60 F
(4) After how many minutes will the temperature of the body be within 1 F
of the constant 50 F temperature of the room?
 Test your understanding.

POPULATION GROWTH

1) A population of the butterflies in a region will

grow at a rate that is proportional to their
current population. The populations of
butterflies are initially 100 butterflies in a
region. In the absence of any outside factors
the population will triple in 14 days. Estimate
the population of the butterflies in 21 days.
 Test your understanding.

2) Suppose that at the start of an experiment

there are 8000 bacteria. A growth inhibitor
and a lethal pathogen are introduced into the
colony. After two hours 1000 bacteria are
dead. If the death rates are exponential, how
long will it take for the population to drop
below 5000?

Ans : t 7.04
 Test your understanding.

RADIOACTIVE DECAY

Radioactive decay at a rate that is proportional to the

amount of the radioactive present at time t. Every
radioactive element has a specific half-life; for example,
the half-life of radioactive carbon-14 is about 5730
years. If 100 grams of radioactive carbon-14 are stored
in a cave and that y(t) is the number of grams present t
days later.
(a) Find a formula for y(t).
(b) How many grams will be present after 1000 years?
(c) How long will it take for 70% of the original sample
to decay?
 Subtopic 9.5 (P. 640)
LINEAR EQUATIONS:
How do we know that an equation is a linear equation? An equation is said
to be linear if it has the form of

dy
a ( x) b( x ) y c ( x )
dx
where a(x), b(x) and c(x) are constant coefficients or can be expressed in
variable coefficients

To solve a linear equation, we need to transform any given equation to a

general form of
dy The most general form of
p( x) y q ( x) first-order linear DE
dx
b c dy
where p and q and leave the coefficient of 1.
a a dx
LINEAR EQUATIONS:

STEPS Solving Linear Equations

1. Rearrange the equation to be in the form of
dy
p( x) y q ( x)
dx

2. Get p( x) and q( x) and solve p( x) dx Integrate without

constant
3. Calculate the integrating factor , ( x )

( x) e p ( x ) dx

4. Rearrange the equation in the form

d
( x ) y ( x ) ( x) q ( x) or
( x) y ( x) ( x)q( x) dx
dx
5. Integrate equation (step 4) to obtain the solution.
 Example 1 (p. 641)

Solve the differential equation

Solution:

P(x) = 3x2 and Q(x) = 6x2.

An integrating factor is : ( x)

Rearrange :

Integrating both sides :

Example:
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy y
1
dx x
which satisfies the condition y = 0 when x = 1.

Solution:
In this example
1
p x and q x 1
x
Now
1
p x dx dx ln x
x
 x e
p x dx
So the integrating factor is eln x x
d
Rearrange this equation and can be written as xy x
dx

Integrating both sides of the equation w.r.t x yields

x2
xy xdx A , A constant
2
Hence, we have
x A
y
2 x
From the initial condition y = 0 and x = 1 , we obtain
1 A 1
0 , that is A
2 1 2
Therefore
x 1
y x
2 2x
Example: Solve the following equations.

dy x3 A
(a) x y x3 Ans: y
dx 4 x

dv
(b) 9.8 0.196v Ans: v 50 Ae 0.196t
dt
 Test your understanding.

1. Find the general solutions of the following differential

equations.
dy dy
a) 3 y e2 x b) x 2 y cos x
dx dx

2. Solve the following value problems.

, y1 0
dy x
a) x y
dx x 1
dy
b) x y x 2 ln x , y 1 when x 1
dx
 Test your understanding.
Exercises: Solve the following equations.

dx
(a) t 2
1 x 0, x 2 2
dt
dr
(b) r sec cos , r (0) 1
d
1
ans: r ( ) cos 2
sec tan
dx
(c ) 2t 2 x 1 0, x 0 0
dt
dy
(d ) y cot x e 2cos x
dx
APPLICATIONS: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
 Example 4 (p. 643)

Suppose that in the simple circuit of Figure 4 the resistance

is 12W and the inductance is 4 H. If a battery gives a
constant voltage of 60 V and the switch is closed when
t = 0 so the current starts with I(0) = 0, find
(a) I(t),
(b) the current after 1 s .

Figure 4
Solution:
(a) Given L = 4, R = 12, and E(t) = 60, we obtain

or

Integrating factor,
( x ) e e 3t
3 dt

Thus,
Since I(0) = 0, we have 5 + C = 0, so C = 5 . Therefore,

I(t) = 5 5e3t

(b) After 1 second the current is

I(1) = 5 5e3 4.75 A

 APPLICATIONS: MIXING PROBLEMS

dy
Rin Rout
dt
Rin = rate at which the salt is being poured into the tank
= Flow Rate In, Fin Concentration In, Cin

Rout = rate at which the salt is being poured out of the tank
= Flow Rate Out, Fout Concentration Out, Cout
y (t )
= Flow Rate Out, Fout
Volume of Solution, V
where
Volume of Solution, V = Initial Solution + (Fin Fout ) t
EXAMPLE:
5 gal/min

5 gal/min

At time t 0, a tank contains 4 lb of salt dissolved

in 100 gal of water. Suppose that brine containing
2 lb of salt per gallon of brine is allowed to enter
the tank at a rate of 5 gal/min and the mixed solution
is drained from the tank at the same rate. Find the
amount of salt in the tank after 10 minutes.
Solution:
y t amount of salt in the tank after t minutes
Problem y 10 ?

dy
Rin Rout
dt

Rin 2 5 10
y 1
Rout 5 y
100 (5 5)t 20

dy 1
Rin Rout 10 y
dt 20
dy 1
y 10
dt 20
Solve the resulting linear equation:

1 t
p t , q t 10 t
10e 20
20 e y
20
C
1 t 1
e
dt
e
20
20 20

d 20t t

t
t

e y 10e 20
y t e 20
200e C
20
dt
t t t

e y 10e
20 20
dt y t 200 Ce 20
 y 4 when t 0,
y 0 200 C 4
C 196

t

y t 200 196 e 20

when t 10, y ??
10

y 10 200 196 e 20

81.12 lb
 Test your understanding.

A 12V battery is connected to a simple series

circuit in which the inductance, L is H and the
resistance, R is 10. Determine the current i if
i(0)=0.

di
Hint: Use L Ri E t
dt
20 t
Answer: i 1.2 1.2e
 Test your understanding.

Consider a tank with 200 liters of salt-water solution,

30 grams of which is salt. Pouring into the tank is a
brine solution at a rate of 4 liters/minute and with a
concentration of 1 grams per liter. The well-mixed
solution pours out at a rate of 5 liters/minute. Find the
amount of salt
170
(a) at any time t Ans : y t 200 t (200 t ) 5

2005
(b) at the end of 60 minutes Ans : y 60 111.43 grams
Tiada jalan singkat untuk kita sampai ke
sesuatu destinasi yang sememangnya jauh.
Perjalanan tetap melibatkan langkah demi
langkah dan tingkat demi tingkat.
 Acknowledgement / References:

James Stewart (2016). Calculus. Eighth Edition.

International Metric Version. Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning.

James Stewart (2012). Calculus. Seventh Edition.

International Metric Version. Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning.

Howard Anton, Irl Bivens and Stephen Davis. (2013).

Calculus Early Transcendentals. Tenth Edition. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc.