DISTANCE

(MEASURING DEVICES)

ARCIAGA, CARL
JASPER
BORILLO, PAUL
ANDREW
CALILUNG, REM
ANGELO
ESPIRITU, IVAN JADE
TRIUNFO, WINSTON
METHODS FOR MEASURING DISTANCES

CONTACT DEVICES

NON-CONTACT DEVICES
CONTACT DEVICES
PACING
Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the
field.it is used to measure a distance and is often used with a sighting or a
hand compass. Most commonly, pacing is split up into segments, such as
chains, which are set measures of distance. By determining one's own pace,
distance can easily be estimated.

A quick, easy method of determining distances.

Can achieve an accuracy of 1/50 to 1/100.
 ODOMETER

A surveyor's wheel, also called a clickwheel, hodometer, waywiser,

trundle wheel, measuring wheel or perambulator is a device for
measuring distance.
Measuring Wheel that counts the
number of revolutions which is
converted to a distance. Can
achieve an accuracy of 1/200
GUNTER'S CHAIN (SURVEYOR'S CHAIN)
Gunter's chain or the surveyor's chain (also
known as Gunters measurement or surveyors
measurement) is a distance measuring device
used for land survey. It was designed and
introduced in 1620 by English clergyman and
mathematician Edmund Gunter (15811626)
long before the development of the theodolite
and other more sophisticated equipment,
enabling plots of land to be accurately surveyed
and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes.
 OPISOMETER
An opisometer, also called a curvimeter,
meilograph, or map measurer, is an
instrument for measuring the lengths of
arbitrary curved lines.A simple opisometer
consists of a toothed wheel of known
circumference on a handle. The wheel is
placed in contact with the curved line to be
measured and run along its length. By
counting the number of teeth passing a mark
on the handle while this is done, the length
of the line can be ascertained:
line length = wheel circumference teeth
counted/teeth on wheel.
RULER
A ruler, sometimes called a rule or
line gauge, is an instrument used in
geometry, technical drawing,
printing, engineering and building to
measure distances or to rule straight
lines. The ruler is a straightedge
which may also contain calibrated
lines to measure distances.
 ENGINEERS SCALE
An engineer's scale is a tool for measuring distances and
transferring measurements at a fixed ratio of length. It is
commonly made of plastic or aluminum, and is just over
12 inches (305 mm) long, but with only 12 inches of
markings, leaving the ends unmarked so that the first and
last measuring ticks do not wear off. It is used in making
engineering drawings, commonly called blueprints, blue
lines or plans in a specific scale. For example, "one-tenth
size" would appear on a drawing to indicate a part larger
than the drawing on the paper itself. It is not to be used
to measure machined parts to see if they meet
specifications.
ARCHITECTS SCALE
An architect's scale (similar in form and
function to an Engineer's scale) is a
specialized ruler designed to facilitate the
drafting and measuring of architectural
drawings, such as floor plans and
orthographic projections. Because the
scale of such drawings are often smaller
than life-size, an architect's scale features
multiple units of length and proportional
length increments.
MEASURING ROD
A measuring rod is a tool used to physically
measure lengths and survey areas of
various sizes. Most measuring rods are
round or square sectioned, however they
can be flat boards. Some have markings at
regular intervals. It is likely that the
measuring rod was used before the line,
chain or steel tapes used in modern
measurement.
 TAPE MEASURE
A tape measure or measuring tape is a
flexible ruler. It consists of a ribbon of
cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip
with linear-measurement markings. It is
a common measuring tool. Its design
allows for a measure of great length to
be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and
permits one to measure around curves
or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even
appearing in miniature form as a
keychain fob, or novelty item. Surveyors
use tape measures in lengths of over
100 m (300+ ft).
YARDSTICK
A yardstick is a straightedge used
to physically measure lengths of
up to a yard (0.9144 metres or 3.0
feet long) high. Yardsticks are flat
wooden boards with markings at
regular intervals.
MICROMETER
A micrometer sometimes known as a
micrometer screw gauge, is a device
incorporating a calibrated screw widely
used for precise measurement of
components in mechanical engineering and
machining as well as most mechanical
trades, along with other metrological
instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital
calipers. Micrometers are usually, but not
always, in the form of calipers (opposing
ends joined by a frame), which is why
micrometer caliper is another common
name. The spindle is a very accurately
machined screw and the object to be
measured is placed between the spindle
and the anvil. The spindle is moved by
turning the ratchet knob or thimble until
the object to be measured is lightly touched
by both the spindle and the anvil.
NON-CONTACT DEVICES
STADIMETER
A stadimeter is an optical device for estimating
the range to an object of known height by
measuring the angle between the top and
bottom of the object as observed at the
device. It is similar to a sextant, in that the
device is using mirrors to measure an angle
between two objects but differs in that one
dials in the height of the object. It is one of
several types of optical rangefinders, and does
not require a large instrument, and so was
ideal for hand-held implementations or
installation in a submarine's periscope.
RANGEFINDER
A rangefinder is a device that
measures distance from the observer
to a target, in a process called
ranging.
Suitable for short distances less than
150.
Can achieve an accuracy of 1/50 to
1/150.
STADIA
A method of surveying in which distances are read by
noting the interval on a graduated rod intercepted by two
parallel cross hairs (stadia hairs or stadia wires) mounted
in the telescope of a surveying instrument, the rod being
placed at one end of the distance to be measured and the
surveying instrument at the other.
Distance is determined using a Theodolite(vertical angle)
and Philadelphia Rod (stadiainterval).
Can achieve an accuracy of 1/500.
Used for topographic mapping.
ELECTRIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT (EDM)
Distances are measured electronically by
determining the number of full and partial
waves of transmitted electromagnetic energy
that are required in traveling the distance
between the EDM and a prism.
Can achieve an accuracy of +/- (1 mm + 1
ppm) to +/- (10 mm + 5 ppm).
Total Station Instruments combine the
electronic theodolite with an EDM.
LASER RANGEFINDER
A laser rangefinder is a rangefinder which uses
a laser beam to determine the distance to an
object. The most common form of laser
rangefinder operates on the time of flight
principle by sending a laser pulse in a narrow
beam towards the object and measuring the
time taken by the pulse to be reflected off the
target and returned to the sender. Due to the
high speed of light, this technique is not
appropriate for high precision sub-millimeter
measurements, where triangulation and other
techniques are often used.
LIDAR
Lidar (also called LIDAR, LiDAR, and
LADAR) is a surveying method that
measures distance to a target by
illuminating that target with a pulsed laser
light, and measuring the reflected pulses
with a sensor. Differences in laser return
times and wavelengths can then be used
to make digital 3D-representations of the
target. The name lidar, sometimes
considered an acronym of Light Detection
And Ranging (sometimes Light Imaging,
Detection, And Ranging), was originally a
portmanteau of light and radar.
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)
Distance measuring equipment
(DME) is a transponder-based radio
navigation technology that
measures slant range distance by
timing the propagation delay of VHF
or UHF radio signals.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Distances are determined from photographs
taken by aerial cameras mounted in
airplanes. Topographic maps developed from
aerialphotographs provide data which can be
used for the design of engineering projects.
Aerial photography is used when time is of
theessence and the client is willing to foot
the bill for the services. Other methods are
typically combined with aerial photography
to achieve a proper design.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Uses a system of satellites to transmit
signals to a GPS unit which determines
relative positions on the earth. The cost of
GPS has dropped from $250,000 five years
ago to about $12,000 today. New GPS units
allow for a one person survey crew Only
problem associated with GPS is the
problem of transmitting signals due to
weather or other conditions.