Ancient Origins

Pharmacy comes from the Greek word

pharmakon, meaning drug
Scientific approach to medicine began with the
ancient Greeks
Hippocrates
Proposed that disease came from natural, not
supernatural causes
Established the theory of humors (blood,
phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)
 Ancient Origins
Galen
Conducted animal experiments
Produced a systematic classification of drugs for
treatment of disease
Galenical pharmacy described the process of
creating extracts of active medicinals from plants

Diascorides
First century A.D.
De Materia Medica (standard text on drugs for 1500 years)
 Ancient Origins
Dr. John Morgan
Eighteenth Century
Supported the separation of the professions of
pharmacy and medicine
 Pharmacist
The profession of pharmacy exists to safeguard
the health of the public
The pharmacist is one who is licensed to prepare
and dispense medications, counsel patients, and
monitor outcomes pursuant to a prescription
from a licensed health professional
The role of the modern pharmacist evolved
from compounder and dispenser
to providing medication information and preventing
medication-related problems
 Evolution of the Pharmacists Role
During the twentieth century, the pharmacy
profession has evolved through four stages.

Traditional Era
Scientific Era
Clinical Era
Pharmaceutical-care Era
 Traditional Era
Early twentieth century
Formulation and dispensing of drugs from
natural sources
Pharmacognosy
The study of the medicinal properties of natural
products of animal, plant, and mineral origins
Galenical pharmacy
Techniques for preparing medications
 Scientific Era
Began after World War II
Emergence of the pharmaceutical industry
Drugs made in factories, not apothecary shop
Pharmacy education emphasized sciences
Pharmacology
The scientific study of drugs and their mechanism
of action including side effects
Pharmaceutics
Release characteristics of drug dose forms
 Clinical Era
1975: Millis Report, Pharmacists for the Future
New educational emphasis on clinical (patient-
oriented) pharmacy
Pharmacokinetics
the activity of a drug within the body over a period of
time; includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
elimination
Pathophysiology
the study of disease and illnesses affecting the normal
function of the body
 Pharmaceutical-Care Era
1990: Hepler and Strand defined
Pharmaceutical care
a philosophy that expanded the pharmacists role to
include appropriate medication use to achieve
positive outcomes with prescribed drug therapy
includes
Monitoring response to therapy
Educating patients and dispensing prescriptions

American Pharmacists Association (APhA)

 Role of the Pharmacist
Todays pharmacist:
Compounds and dispenses drugs
Gathers information about patients
Counsels on possible side effects and adverse reactions
Monitors for drug interactions
Screens, monitors, and advises for self-treatment with
over-the-counter (OTC) products sold without a
prescription
Provides drug information to other healthcare
professionals
Advises on home healthcare supplies and medical
equipment
 Muslim Pharmacy

In the Field of pharmacy, the first drug stores were opened by Muslim
pharmacists in Baghdad in 754, while the first apothecary shop were
also founded by Muslim Practitioners. The advances made in the Middle
East by Muslim chemists in botany and chemistry led Muslim
physicians to substantially develop pharmacology
1. Community Pharmacy

2. Hospital Pharmacy

3. Veterinary Pharmacy

4. Clinical Pharmacy

5. Compounding Pharmacy

6. Consultant Pharmacy

7. Military Pharmacy

8. Nuclear Pharmacy

9. Internet Pharmacy
Community Pharmacy : These are basically drug stores or chemists
shop available in the open market or in the community and manned by
the certified Pharmacists and druggists. The chemists have to get valid
license for sales of Retail or the bulk drug as per the existent Drug and
Price Control Act
Pharmacies within hospitals differ considerably from community pharmacies. Some
Pharmacists In hospital pharmacies may have more complex clinical medication
managements issues whereas pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more
complex business and customer relations.

The hospital pharmacies have to cater ti the need of the

a. The OPD patients
b. The in patients
c. Combination of above both two
These are specifically for animal use and all veterinary hospitals and clinics of
veterinary doctors own such pharmacies

Clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care service that optimizes the
use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention.
Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the
clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospital and clinics
Compounding is the practice of preparing drugs in a new forms.
If the drug is not palatable, to make it palatable ,is an example
of compounding.

Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen

review ( ie, cognitive service ) than on actual dispensing of drug.
Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are
increasingly branching into other institutions and Non institutional
settings
Military pharmacy is an entirely different working environment due to the
fact that technicians perform most duties that in a civilian sector would be
illegal. State law Of technician patient counseling and medication check by
a pharmacist do not apply

Nuclear pharmacy focuses on preparing radioactive materials for

diagnostic test and for treating certain diseases. Nuclear pharmacist
undergo additional training specific to handling radioactive materials,
and unlike in community and hospital pharmacies, nuclear pharmacists
typically do not interact directly with patients
Scince about the year 2000, a growing number of internet
pharmacies have been established world wide. Many of These
pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies and in fact ,
many of them are actually operated by brick and mortar
community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those
that walk in their door. The primary difference is the method by
which the medications are requested and received
1. Demand estimation, purchasing, receiving storage, compounding, dispensing,
distribution of pharmaceutical items
2. Quality assurance of drugs
3. Compiling, storing and disseminating drug information to medical professionals
4. Participation in CMEs
5. Supply of drug to ICU and OT, emergency and to inpatients
6. Dispensing of drugs to outpatients
7. Serve as a member of hospital formulary committee
8. Serve as a member of hospital therapeutic committee
9. Keep abreast of latest development in the field , like the list of essential drugs or list of
banned drugs
10. Comply with the drug and cosmetics act.
11. Patient education program like self administration of insulin injection, etc
12. Participate in teaching and training program of pharmacy students.