Explanation Text

By :
Dwiyanti Octaviani
Farrah Nabila F
Malik Farhan
Nazhara Ardhan
Roikhan Azhari
Syifa Fauziah
Corrosion

The Chemical Process

 What is Corrosion?
Why are metals such as sodium stored in oil?
They are so reactive they combine readily with oxygen in the air

What is this process known as?

This is known as dry corrosion.
Does iron undergo this process?
Although iron is less reactive it does undergo dry corrosion but it is
slow at room temperature
What will make iron corrode more quickly?
The addition of moisture will make iron corrode more quickly
What is this process known as?
This is known as wet corrosion.
 Dry Corrosion
Direct combination of a metal with oxygen.
When a piece of iron reacts with air it forms Iron oxide
Particularly if it is heated. This process is called Oxidation
Iron has been oxidised to iron oxide, this is why there
are no deposits of iron on Earth but lots of Iron Oxide,
such as haematites (Fe2O3)
 The iron we use is extracted
from this ore.
This extraction process
involves reduction
of the iron ore to iron
When oxygen is lost from a
substance , that substance
has been reduced
The production of iron form
haematite can be
represented by the equation
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
The iron oxide has lost oxygen
-it has been reduced
Reduction cannot occur with
oxidation occurring at the same
time.
In this reaction CO has gained
oxygen to form CO2
-it has been oxidised.
Oxidation And Reduction always
occur simultaneously.
Oxidation and reduction are
important chemical processes.
 Dry Corrosion at the Atomic Level
Look at the piece of Mg ribbon in front of you.
What do you notice?

This layer is the results from the corrosion of Mg

in air. Mg has been oxidised.
The equation for this reaction is
2Mg(s) + O2 2MgO(s)
 MgO consists of Mg2+ and O2- ions. So what
happens in the reaction:
Mg atoms have no charge so must have lost 2
electrons to form Mg2+ and O2 has no charge so
the O atoms in the O2 molecule must have each
gained 2 electrons to form O2- ions.
So we can write the reaction with 2 separate
equations ( we call half equations) to show what
is happening at the atomic level:
Mg(s) Mg2+(s)+ 2e-
& O2(g) + 4e- 2O2- (s)
 So we can see that the oxidation of
magnesium, which we earlier described in terms of
its reaction with oxygen , can be seen to involve
the transfer of electrons from Mg to O. It is this
transfer of electrons (ie losing )that we use as
broader more widely used definition of OXIDATION
& and the gaining of electrons (rather than the
losing of Oxygen ) as our definition of
REDUCTION.
 Definition
Oxidation is the loss of electrons
Reduction is the gain in electrons
REMEMBER OILRIG- Oxidation involves Loss
Reduction involves Gain
For an atom to lose electrons there must be another to
gain them. Therefore the two are simultaneous.

These reactions are called REDOX reactions.

This definition is more useful as it includes all reactions
in which electrons are exchanged and not restricted to
those involving oxygen.
 REDOX Reactions.
Many redox reactions involve reactants other
than oxygen.
Eg. When potassium reacts with chlorine,
potassium chloride (an ionic substance containing
K+ and Cl- ions ) is formed.Write the half equations
for these reactions and hence state which reactant
has been oxidised and which has been reduced
during the reaction.
 There are 2 half equations.
The first is the formation of K+ ions
K(s) K+(s) + e-
The second is the formation of Cl- ions.
Cl2(g) + 2 e- 2Cl-(s)
So the potassium has been____________,
oxidised
and the chlorine has been _____________.
reduced
Another Example
When a strip of copper is suspended in a
solution of silver nitrate, long crystals of silver
metal can be seen. The solution changes to a
pale blue colour, indicating the presence of
Cu2+ ions.
Write the half equations that represent what is
happening in the beaker and work out which is
oxidised and which is reduced?
The first half equation is the copper metal
becoming Cu2+ ions in solution.
Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e-
The second half equation is the Ag+ions
in solution becoming Ag metal
Ag+(aq) +e- Ag(s)
Therefore Cu is __________.
oxidised
& Ag+ is __________.
reduced
Overall Redox Equations.
When we are writing equations that represent a
redox reaction we:
Write the half equations first (containing
electrons)
And add them together to give us the overall
equation for the reaction.
It is important to remember that overall redox
equations do not contain any electrons.
 Okay so lets write an overall equation for our
examples.
Eg 1
2x( K(s) K (s) + e )
+ -

Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(s)

Note that the number of electrons are not the
same so we have to multiply the first equation by
2 to make them the same.
So the equations are now:
2K(s) 2K+(s) + 2e-
Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(s)
Overall Eqn 2K(s) + Cl2(g) 2K+(s) + 2Cl-(s)
 Remember
In both half and overall equations for redox reactions
the :
The number of atoms of each elements present in the
products is equal to the number present in the reactants.
As atoms are conserved in all chemical reactions.
The total charge on the product side of the equation is equal
to the total charge on the reactant side of the equation.
Electrons are also conserved in chemical equations.
 Another Example
When lithium is oxidised by atmospheric oxygen the
reactants may be represented by the following half
equations:
Li(s) Li (s) + e
+ -

O2(g) + 4e- 2O2- (s)

Identify the half equation representing the oxidation
reaction and write the overall equation.

Step 1 Oxidation is where electrons are lost. The

lithium has the electron on the product side so
therefore has lost electrons, therefore the lithium has
been oxidised.
 To write the overall equation we have to look at the half
equations and balance the electrons .
We can see that the first equation has 1 electron on the
product side, but the second equation has 4 electrons so
the first equation has to be multiplied by 4
i.e. (Li(s) Li+ (s) + e-) x 4

Giving 4Li(s) 4Li+ (s) + 4e-

O2(g) + 4e- 2O2- (s)
4Li(s) + O2(g) 4Li+ (s) + 2O2- (s)
 Oxidants and Reductants.
An oxidant (oxidising agent or oxidiser) is a
substance that causes another substance to be
oxidised .
A reductant (reducing agent or reducer) is a
substance that causes another substance to be
reduced.
Lets look at an example and see what this is all
about:
 Example
The reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid can be
represented by the following equations:
Oxidation (loss of electrons) Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
Reduction (gain of electrons) 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)

Is oxidised Is reduced
Thus is the reductant Thus is the oxidant
Bc it caused reduction Bc it caused oxidation
 A diagram to help sort it out
Oxidises the

Electrons
Oxidant Reductant

Reduces the
Gains electrons Loses electrons
and is therefore and therefore is
reduced oxidised

The relationship between oxidants and reductants in oxidation

reduction reactions
This is the process of corrosion
THANK YOU