Artificial Intelligence Technologies in

Business, Components of Expert

Systems, Domains
FYMMS, Group no. 7
 Flow of presentation
• 15. Anand Gori
• 31. Mayuresh Paraliar
• 41. Badal Rathod
• 12. Atul Gaikwad
 What is AI?
• AI is the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs.
• It is related to the similar task of using
computers to understand human intelligence,
but AI does not have to confine itself to
methods that are biologically observable.
 The Turing Test
• Alan Turing, in a 1951
paper, proposed a test
called "The Imitation
Game”.
 Domains of AI

Artificial
Intelligence

Cognitive Science Robotics Natural Interface

Applications Applications Applications
NEURAL NETWORK
 Artificial Neural Network
• An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an
information processing paradigm that is
inspired by the way biological nervous
systems works, such as the brain, process
information.
• Made up of inter-connecting artificial neurons
• Learns to recognize patterns and relationships
in the data it processes
 Why Neural Network?
• Derives meaning from complicated or
imprecise data
• A trained neural network is an expert
• Provides projections & answers ‘what if’
questions
• Adaptive
• Self organization
 Difference
• Conventional computer
– Follows a set of instructions
– Specific tasks
• Neural Network
– Cannot be programmed for a specific tasks
 Human & Artificial Neuron

Neuron Dendrites Axon Synapse Neuron Receives

excitatory
input. It sends
Collects Sends out Converts the activity from the a spike of
Information signals of axon into electrical effects electrical
electrical that inhibit or excite activity in activity down
activity the connected neurons. its axon

Learning occurs by changing the effectiveness of the

Synapses, so that the influence of one neuron on another changes.
Human & Artificial Neuron

The Neuron Model

 Applications
• Weather Forecasting
• Speech Recognition
• Financial Analysis
• Data Mining
• Customer Research
• Target Marketing
• Marketing
• Credit Evaluation
• Medicine
 Fuzzy Logic

• An approach to uncertainty that combines real

values [0,1] and logic operations
• Fuzzy logic is based on the ideas of fuzzy set
theory and fuzzy set membership often found
in language
– You are tall – what is tall?
– You are very tall – how does this differ from tall?
 Fuzzy Logic
• In normal sets, membership is binary
– An item is either in the set or not in the set
• In fuzzy sets, membership is based on a degree
between 0 and 1
– 0 = item not in set
– 1 = item is in set
– If degree is between 0 and 1, then this degree is
the degree to which the item is thought to be in
the set
 Example: “Young”

• Ann is 28, .8 in set Young

• Bob is 40, .1 in set Young
• Cathy is 23, 1.0 in set Young
– Unlike statistics and probabilities, the degree is
not describing a probability that the item is in
the set, but instead describes to what extent the
item is in the set
• Also note that the degrees do not add up to
1
 Fuzzy Sets

• A is a fuzzy set described by the items, u,

where the set A = {u/a(u) | u in U}
– That is, A is a set of items combined with their
degrees of being in the universe U
– a(u) is a membership function that maps onto
the set [0,1] which derives the degree that
each u is or is not in U
• Example: The set of young people might be
{Ann/0.8, Bob/0.1, Cathy/1.0}
 Fuzzy Relations
• A is a fuzzy set in the universe U with
membership function a(u)
• B is a fuzzy set in the universe V with
membership function b(v)
• AxB={(u,v)/min(a(u),b(v)) | u in U, v in V}
 Fuzzy Logic
• Just as fuzzy sets are an extension to sets,
fuzzy logic is an extension to logic
• Union = Or, Intersection = And, Complement =
Not
• A => B or If A then B is a fuzzy implication and
can be derived as AxB
 Rules

Air Conditioning Controller Example:

• If Cold then Stop

• If Cool then Slow
• If OK then Medium
• If Warm then Fast
• If Hot then Faster
 Fuzzy Air Conditioner
0
Air Temperature
100
If Hot
90 then
Blast
• Set cold {50, 0, 0}
80
If Warm
then
• Set cool {65, 55, 45}
70 Fast
• Set just right {70, 65, 60}
60
If Just Right • Set warm {85, 75, 65}
then
50 Medium • Set hot {, 90, 80}
40 IF Cool
then
30 Slow
Fan Speed
if Cold
20
then Stop

10
• Set stop {0, 0, 0}
0 • Set slow {50, 30, 10}
• Set medium {60, 50, 40}
1
• Set fast {90, 70, 50}
• Set faster{, 100, 80}
0

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
 Fuzzy System Applications
• Fuzzy logic is most commonly used as
controllers of systems, applying fuzzy rules
to determine changes in output
– Home appliances
– Video Cameras
– Automotive
– Robotics
– Aerospace
 Limitations of Fuzzy Logic

• Stability
• Learning
• Fuzzy rules
• Extensive testing
 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL
REALITY
•Virtual reality (VR) is a term that applies to computer-
simulated environments that can simulate places in the real world as
well as in imaginary worlds
• Virtual Reality is generally a Computer Generated (CG) environment
that makes the user think that he/she is in the real environment. One
may also experience a virtual reality by simply imagining it, like Alice
in Wonderland, but we will focus on computer generated virtual
realities.
•The virtual world is hosted on a computer in the form of a database
(e.g. terrain database or environment database). The database
resides in the memory of the computer.
 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL
REALITY CONT….
•vertices may be connected to form planes, commonly referred to
as polygons. Each polygon consists of at least three vertices. The
polygon could have a specific color, and the color could be shaded,
or the polygon could have a texture pasted onto it. Virtual objects
will consist of polygons. . A virtual object will have a position (x, y, z),
an orientation (yaw, pitch, roll) as well as attributes .

•The virtual environment may be experienced with a Desktop VR

System, or with an Immersive VR System.
 VIRTUAL REALITY CONT….
•DESKTOP VR SYSTEM :- With Desktop VR a computer screen is
normally used as the display medium. The user views the virtual
environment on the computer screen. In order to experience the
virtual environment, the user must look at the screen the whole
time.

•IMMERSIVE VR SYSTEM :- With Immersive VR the user is

'immersed in' or 'surrounded by' the virtual environment.
 VIRTUAL REALITY CONT….
1.Head-Mounted Display (HMD)
The head-mounted display (HMD) was the first device providing its
wearer with an immersive experience. Evans and Sutherland
demonstrated a head-mounted stereo display already in 1965.
2. Boom
The BOOM (Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor) from Fake space is
a head-coupled stereoscopic display device. Screens and optical
system are housed in a box that is attached to a multi-link arm. The
user looks into the box through two holes, sees the virtual world,
and can guide the box to any position within the operational volume
of the device.
 VIRTUAL REALITY CONT….
3.Cave
The CAVE (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment) was developed at
the University of Illinois at Chicago and provides the illusion of
immersion by projecting stereo images on the walls and floor of a
room-sized cube. Several persons wearing lightweight stereo glasses
can enter and walk freely inside the CAVE.
4.Input Devices And Other Sensual Technologies
A variety of input devices like data gloves, joysticks, and hand-held
wands allow the user to navigate through a virtual environment and
to interact with virtual objects. Directional sound, tactile and force
feedback devices, voice recognition and other technologies are
being employed to enrich the immersive experience and to create
more "sensualized" interfaces.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY
· Head-referenced viewing provides a natural interface for the
navigation in three-dimensional space and allows for look-around,
walk-around, and fly-through capabilities in virtual environments.
· Stereoscopic viewing enhances the perception of depth and the
sense of space.
· The virtual world is presented in full scale and relates properly to
the human size.
· Realistic interactions with virtual objects via data glove and
similar devices allow for manipulation, operation, and control of
virtual worlds.
· The convincing illusion of being fully immersed in an artificial
world can be enhanced by auditory, hap tic, and other non-visual
technologies.
· Networked applications allow for shared virtual environments.
 APPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL
REALITY
•There are numerous applications in the domains of health care,
education and lifelong learning, manufacturing, and other areas
where this technology shows great promise for improving
productivity
•searching of networked databases and libraries; manipulation of
molecules for development of nanotechnology devices and chemical
systems
•scientific and technical visualization applications, prototyping and
planning
•training for and monitoring of complex human-computer tasks
• NASA used this technology for many space-based operations, such
as driving a bulldozer on the Moon by remote control or using it as a
training device. Three-dimensional simulations of the space station,
the landscape of Mars, and other complex scenarios were
constructed by NASA
Expert Systems
• An expert system is a knowledge based
information system that uses knowledge to
act as an expert to an end user.
• Makes human-like inferences about
knowledge contained in a specialized
knowledge base.
• Explain reasoning process and conclusions.
• Decision support in form of advice
 Components of ES
• Knowledge base
– Facts about a subject area
– Heuristics (rule of thumb)
– Case based, Frame based, Object based, Rule
based
• Software resources
– User interface program
– Inference engine program
Components of ES
Developing Expert systems
• Expert shell is used as a developmental tool

• Knowledge base is to be developed with the

help of expert shell
• Benefits of Expert Systems
– Captures the expertise of an expert or group of
experts in a computer-based information system.
– Help preserve and reproduce the knowledge of
experts.
– Can allow a firm to significantly improve the efficiency
of its business processes or produce new knowledge-
based products and services.

• Limitations of Expert Systems

– Limited focus, inability to learn, maintenance
problems and developmental cost.
Applications…….
• Speech recognition is a technology that
allows the computer to identify and
understand words spoken by a person using a
microphone or telephone. The ultimate goal
of the technology is to be able to produce a
system that can recognize with 100%
accuracy all words that are spoken by any
person.
• Now you can speak to your computer and it speak
back. In other words you can just ask your
computer how he/she is feeling? Rather you can
talk to your computer using a set of predefined
commands and instructions (i.e. a script). Your
computer will respond in a same way that is in
scripted language.
• For example, you can say “ FILE OPEN”, and the
computer will respond: “Select the File”. Or you can
say: “ EDIT find” and the computer would ask: “
FIND what”?
• Voice dictation is integrate into the e- speaking
application including this 26 different dictation
voice commands.

• Speaking is easier and more intuitive than

selecting buttons and menu items.
 SOFTWARES Available:
• Dragon naturally speaking
• App
• XVoice speech recognition
• Open mind speech
• IVOS
• Speechvibe 2.0.4
• Fake voice 1.691
• Tic Tac Toe

• Computer chess

• Age of empires
 Facial recognition system
• A facial recognition system is a
computer application for
automatically identifying or
verifying a person from a digital
image or a video frame from a video
source. One of the ways to do this is
by comparing selected facial
features from the image and a
facial database.
• It is typically used in security
systems and can be compared to
other biometrics such as fingerprint
 or eye iris recognition systems
 Handwriting recognition…….
• Handwriting recognition is the ability of
a computer to receive and interpret
intelligible handwritten input from
sources such as paper documents, 
photographs, touch-screens and other
devices. The image of the written text
may be sensed "off line" from a piece of
paper by optical scanning (optical
character recognition) or intelligent word
recognition. Alternatively, the
movements of the pen tip may be sensed
"on line", for example by a pen-based
computer screen surface.
 High Performance Fighter
Aircraft
• In these programs, speech recognizers
have been operated successfully in
fighter aircraft with applications
including: setting radio frequencies,
commanding an auto pilot system,
setting steer point coordinates and
weapons releases parameters and
controlling flight displays.
 Examples….
• MYCIN
• DENDRAL
• XCON
• EXPERTAX
• ONCOCIN
• NEUNGINEER
• Robotics is the engineering science and
technology of robots, and their design,
manufacture, application, and structural
disposition. Robotics is related
to electronics, mechanics, and software.
• The science or study of the technology associated
with the design, fabrication, theory, and
application of robots
• A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent.
In practice, it is usually an electro-mechanical
machine which is guided by computer or
electronic programming, and is thus able to do
tasks on its own. Another common characteristic
is that by its appearance or movements, a robot
often conveys a sense that it
has intent or agency of its own.
 Applications…..
• Outer space
• Military
• Hospitals
• Farms
• Disaster areas
• Entertainment