E = 108 volts

where E = average induced emf in coil

= number of turns in coil
= time for flux to charge by
maxwell

E = 108
1/4
= 4 108 volts
where = frequency, cps
In the previous equation, 1/4f is substituted
for t because the flux changes from zero to
in 1/4f sec. Now then since for a sine
wave the effective voltage E is equal to 1.11
times the average voltage E ,

= 1.11 E = 4.44 108 volts

That is the general transformer equation
and applies equally to the primary and
secondary induced voltages. Thus
E = 4.44 108 volts
E = 4.44 108 volts
where = number of primary turns
= number of secondary turns
Example 1. The 2,300-volt primary winding
of a 60-cycle transformer has 4,800 turns.
Calculate: (a) the mutual flux ; (b) the
number of turns in the 230-volt secondary
winding.
Example 2. The maximum flux in the core
of a 60-cycle transformer has 1,320 primary
turns and 46 secondary turns is 3.76 106
maxwells. Calculate the primary and
secondary induced voltages.
Voltage and Current Ratios in Transformers.
Referring to the previous equations, E and E , it
is clear that the volts per turn is exactly the same
for both the primary and secondary windings
because each equals 4.44 108 .
This indicates that, in any transformer, the
primary and secndary induced vltages are related
to each other by the ratio of the number of
primary and secondary turns. Thus
E N
=
E N
Example 3. The secondary winding of a
4,600/230-volt transformer has 36 turns.
How many turns are there in the primary
winding?
Example 4. The volts per turn in a 25-cycle
2,400/230-volt transformer is 8. Calculate:
(a) the primary and secondary turns; (b) the
minimum flux in the core.
Static transformers are extremely efficient
because the only losses are those that occur
in the copper windings (2 losses) and the
iron (hysteresis and eddy-current losses);
there are no losses resulting from rotation,
such as are present in rotating machines. If
the input to a transformer is assumed to
equal the output of a transformer (efficiency
= 100 percent) and the voltage drops are
considered negligible, then
E I PF = E I PF
It is generally true that the secondary load
power factor PF is practically equal t the
primary input power factor PF . Therefore
E I = E I
E I
This shoes that =
E I
N I
and =
N I
That is, the voltage ratio E : E and the
turn ratio N : N are both proportional to
the inverse current ratio I : I .
Example 5. The secondary load current of a
2,300/115-volt transformer is 46 amp.
Calculate the primary current.
Example 6. The primary and secondary
currents of a transformer were measured
and found to be 3.8 and 152 amp,
respectively. If the secondary load voltage
is 116 volts, what is the primary emf?