Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jan-2001 SFH 2
Introduction to the frequency hopping
Jan-2001 SFH 3
Introduction to the frequency hopping
Frequency Diversity
The frequency hopping reduces the multi-path fading
A minimum of 800 kHz or 1 MHz frequency separation is needed
Minimum of 4 to 5 frequencies for optimal result
Jan-2001 SFH 4
Introduction to the frequency hopping
F1 F1 Cell A
Jan-2001 SFH 5
Introduction to the frequency hopping
Baseband Frequency Hopping
Each TRX has a fixed frequency and the mobile hops over the frequencies
of the cell TRXs.
F1=BCCH frequency
T T T T
R R R R
X X X X
1 2 3 4
F1 F2 F3 F4
Jan-2001 SFH 6
Introduction to the frequency hopping
Baseband Frequency Hopping
Valid only for TS0 of the TRXs not carrying the BCCH
TRX2, TRX3, TRX4
Jan-2001 SFH 7
Introduction to the frequency hopping
Baseband Frequency Hopping
For time slots 1 to 7
TS0
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4
Hopping Law: F1, F2, F3, F4, F1, F2 TS5
TS6
TS7
Valid for TS1 to TS7 of all the TRXs
Jan-2001 SFH 8
Introduction to the frequency hopping
SFH
Jan-2001 SFH 9
Introduction to the frequency hopping
SFH
TRX2
TS0
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4
TS5
TS6
TS7
Jan-2001 SFH 10
Introduction to the frequency hopping
BBH and SFH
TS 0 of TRX 1
(BCCH and
CCCH) does not
hop f1
TRX 1 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TS 1 to 7 hop
over f1, f2, f3
TRX 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f2
and f4
TRX 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 f3
TRX 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f4
TS 0 of TRX 2, 3
and 4 hop over f2,
f3 and f4
Jan-2001 SFH 11
Introduction to the frequency hopping
BBH and SFH
TRX 1 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F1
TRX 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TRX 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
TRX 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Jan-2001 SFH 12
Introduction to the frequency hopping
SFH vs BBH
Jan-2001 SFH 13
Introduction to the frequency hopping
The need for SFH
BBH
quality
SFH
capacity
Jan-2001 SFH 14
Introduction to the frequency hopping
The need for SFH
quality
Decrease dropped
call rate
Jan-2001 SFH 15
Introduction to the frequency hopping
The need for SFH
capacity
Better reuse of
frequency band
Jan-2001 SFH 16
FH Parameters
Jan-2001 SFH 17
FH Parameters
Mobile Allocation MA
The MA is the list of the hopping frequencies
i.e. MA={F3, F5, F7, F8}
Hopping Sequence Number HSN
The HSN gives the hopping sequence (generator) number for the
system. The sequence is pseudo-random and HSN={063}
With HSN=0 cyclic
i.e. HSN=1 => {F3, F5, F8, F7}
HSN=2 => {F8, F7, F5, F3}
Jan-2001 SFH 18
FH Parameters
MAIO
The MAIO for each carrier is the index of the carrier's ARFCN in the
mobile allocation
It used to avoid collision between the frequencies affected to the TRXs
of the same cell/site
MAIO={0..N-1} where N is the number of frequencies in the MA
Jan-2001 SFH 19
FH Parameters
For BBH only the MA is needed, since the frequencies affected to the
cells came from a fixed clean frequency plan.
Therefore the HSN is usually set to 0 (cyclic) and MAIO is not set
For SFH the MAIO is crucial to avoid frequency collisions
TRX1 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 MAIO=0
TRX2 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 MAIO=3
Jan-2001 SFH 21
SFH and Frequency Planning
BCCH TCH
frequencies frequencies
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Jan-2001 SFH 22
SFH and Frequency Planning
Jan-2001 SFH 23
SFH and Frequency Planning
1x1
hopping
frequencies
1x3
The 1x1 means the reuse of all the frequencies in all the cells
The 1x3 makes three frequencies one per sector
Jan-2001 SFH 24
SFH and Frequency Planning
1x1 is the reuse of all the frequencies in all the cells and on all the
hopping TRXs HSN 2
MAIO 0,6
Collision risk area
HSN 4
HSN 6
HSN2 MAIO 0
MAIO 0,6 HSN2
MAIO 8
MAIO 4
HSN 16
HSN 4
HSN 6 MAIO 0,6 HSN 4
HSN6 MAIO 8
MAIO 4 MAIO 2
MAIO 8
HSN 16
HSN 16
MAIO 8
MAIO 4
Jan-2001 SFH 25
SFH and Frequency Planning
MAIO planning
All the frequencies are allocated to all the hopping TRXs
The number of hopping TRXs is not the same in all the cells
We should avoid adjacent channel interference between the starting
point of the hopping frequencies of the TRX of different cells
We should separate at maximum the starting frequencies point of two
TRX of the same cell
Example: MA={22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32}
TRX2 will have MAIO 0
TRX3 will have MAIO 2
Jan-2001 SFH 26
SFH and Frequency Planning
The MAIO allocation depends on whether the supplier offer the site
synchronization or not.
Site Synchronization?
The hopping TRXs from different cells within the same site are
synchronized in their hopping
HSN 4
MAIO 0,6
Site with 3/3/2 configuration
2/2/1 hopping TRXs
HSN 4
HSN 4
MAIO4
MAIO 2,8
Jan-2001 SFH 27
SFH and Frequency Planning
HSN 4
HSN 4
MAIO 4
MAIO 2,8
Jan-2001 SFH 28
SFH and Frequency Planning
Jan-2001 SFH 29
SFH and Frequency Planning
F2 F3
F1
BTS
Jan-2001 SFH 30
SFH and Frequency Planning
1x1
1x3
-easier to implement
-more hopping frequency -work with or without
-not recommended without synchronization
synchronization -easier MAIO planning if
-better for irregular grid and no synchronization
Extended overlap (different HSN)
-better results with
acceptable grid
Jan-2001 SFH 31
SFH and Load Factor
BTS
1x1
MA={F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10}
Jan-2001 SFH 32
SFH and Load Factor
This measure is not accurate because the load is related to the traffic
carried by the hopping TRXs (called hopping traffic). Because there is
frequency collision only when the TRX is transmitting.
Jan-2001 SFH 34
SFH and Load Factor
What is the max Real Load Factor with acceptable speech quality?
The limit depends on the design
We define also a network (or area) Real Load Factor
The load depends on the traffic, therefore we use the Busy hour network
(BH network = hour where the Sum(cell_traffic) was maximum)
TrafficHoppingxDTX
RLF (area )
NumberFreqMAx8K
Number_frequencies_MA=average for the area
Traffic_hopping=average traffic per cell for the area on BH area
Jan-2001 SFH 35
SFH and Load Factor
HSN 16
HSN 4
HSN 6 MAIO 0,6 HSN 4
HSN6 MAIO 8
MAIO 4 MAIO 2
MAIO 8
HSN 16
HSN 16
MAIO 8
MAIO 4
Jan-2001 SFH 36
SFH and Load Factor
How to calculate K?
Jan-2001 SFH 37
SFH and Load Factor
RLF 1
RLF 2
Jan-2001 SFH 38
The Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Part 1 Summary
Jan-2001 SFH 39
SFH Implementation
1x1 or 1x3
BSS synchronization
available
NO
design is regular
1x3
YES NO
1x3 1x1
Jan-2001 SFH 40
SFH Implementation
design is regular
?
YES NO
Jan-2001 SFH 41
SFH Implementation
Find the real load factor
of the network
Allocation priority
YES available ?
Hopping_traffic=Total_cell_traffic BCCH_traffic NO
Hopping_traffic=Total_cell_traffic X (Number_hopping_TS/Total_number_TS)
Jan-2001 SFH 42
SFH Implementation
Allocation Priority
Allocation Priority
During call set up we can give priority to the time slots of the non
hopping TRX (usually the BCCH) or to the hopping TRX
If two Time Slots of two different TRXs are in the same interference
band we can prioritize them
GSM recommendations state that the TS with the lower interference
band are allocated first
Jan-2001 SFH 43
SFH Implementation
Allocation Priority
Jan-2001 SFH 44
SFH Implementation
Hopping Traffic
If no priority and all the TS of TRX2 and TRX3 are for TCH, the
hopping traffic will be 12 x (16/21) (16 hopping TCH TS and 21 total
TCH TS)
Jan-2001 SFH 45
SFH Implementation
Jan-2001 SFH 46
SFH Implementation
Jan-2001 SFH 47
SFH Implementation
Quality Capacity
Implement
the SFH
Make a trial with a higher RLF
and validate by SFH trial, adding
DTX, PC
Jan-2001 SFH 48
SFH Implementation
Special Case
We have 15 contiguous frequencies available for hopping
We have site with the following configuration 4/4/4 or 3/3/3 hopping TRX
How can we implement SFH on this site?
synchronized HSN 15
MAIO={1,4,7}
HSN 11
MAIO={2,6,10}
Jan-2001 SFH 49
SFH and Cell Parameters
BER
95,00%
85,00%
75,00%
% of Measurement reports
65,00%
55,00%
Trial 0
45,00% Triial 1 Hopping TRX Only
Trial 2
35,00%
25,00%
15,00%
5,00%
-5,00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Trial 0 92,14% 2,33% 1,78% 1,55% 0,83% 0,86% 0,26% 0,24%
Triial 1 Hopping TRX Only 74,93% 6,70% 6,49% 5,51% 3,98% 1,96% 0,36% 0,07%
Trial 2 55,34% 9,74% 11,39% 11,22% 7,37% 3,02% 1,41% 0,49%
Jan-2001 SFH 50
SFH and Cell Parameters
BER
HO_RXQUAL_DL_HOPPING=HO_RXQUAL_DL+1
HO_RXQUAL_UL_HOPPING=HO_RXQUAL_UL+1
PC_RXQUAL_DL_HOPPING=PC_RXQUAL_DL+1
PC_RXQUAL_UL_HOPPING=PC_RXQUAL_UL+1
Jan-2001 SFH 51
SFH and Cell Parameters
BER
NO SFH D
BER FER D= de-interleaving
SFH
D
BER FER
Jan-2001 SFH 52
SFH and Cell Parameters
BER
100,00%
90,00%
80,00%
70,00%
60,00%
Good Frames
Triial 0
50,00% Trial 1 Hopping TRX Only
SFH Trial 2
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
0,00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Triial 0 92,03% 2,37% 1,80% 1,55% 0,72% 0,87% 0,27% 0,16%
Trial 1 Hopping TRX Only 74,89% 6,70% 6,49% 5,51% 3,93% 1,81% 0,11% 0,00%
SFH Trial 2 55,34% 9,74% 11,39% 11,22% 7,33% 2,79% 0,57% 0,00%
RXQUAL
Jan-2001 SFH 53
SFH and Cell Parameters
BER
Jan-2001 SFH 54
SFH and Cell Parameters
Intra Cell Handover
T T T
R R R
X X X
1 2 3
BCCH TCH TCH
HO
Jan-2001 SFH 55
SFH and Cell Parameters
SDCCH placement
Jan-2001 SFH 56
SFH Optimization
Jan-2001 SFH 57
SFH Optimization
Traffic and Interference
Jan-2001 SFH 58
SFH Optimization
Traffic and Interference
The interferer cell must have an important traffic plus the overlap with
the interfered cell
To find the overlap between two cells we can use:
Jan-2001 SFH 59
SFH Optimization
Traffic and Interference
Cell C
Cell A Cell B
normal traffic
dense traffic
Cell A 40 % 20% 5% 35 %
RLF=2%
Cell B 60 % 6% 16 % 18 %
RLF=7%
Cell C 10 % 20 % 35 % 35 %
RLF=4%
Cell D 2% 20 % 43 % 35 %
RLF=8%
Cell E 45 % 25 % 12 % 18 %
RLF=3%
Cell B is interfered:
Cell A is most likely to be the interferer
Cell C is interfered:
Cell D is most likely to be the interferer
Jan-2001 SFH 61
SFH Optimization
Traffic and Interference
In the interfered cell we add all the BCCH frequencies to the BA list,
the mobiles on this cell will scan these BCCH and report them to the
BTS, some tools allows to obtain these measurement
Jan-2001 SFH 62
SFH Optimization
Traffic and Interference
Cell C
BCCH=Fc
Jan-2001 SFH 63
SFH Optimization
Traffic and Interference
Cell A 40 % 20% 5% 35 %
Cell B 50 % 16 % 16 % 18 %
Cell C 10 % 20 % 60 % 10 %
Cell D 2% 20 % 43 % 35 %
Cell E 45 % 25 % 12 % 18 %
Jan-2001 SFH 64
SFH Optimization
Traffic and Interference
interfered cell
MA1
MA2
MA3 MA3
MA1
Only the cell with the same MA is a possible interferer
Jan-2001 SFH 65
SFH Optimization
Possible Action
Jan-2001 SFH 66
SFH Optimization
Frequency freezing:
Choose one joker frequency or one frequency from the BCCH band and
freeze one TRX on the site
MA modification:
Add frequencies to the MA list from the joker frequency list
Jan-2001 SFH 67
SFH Optimization
Example MA modification
HSN=10 HSN=10
MAIO={0,6} MAIO={0,6}
SFH=1x1
MA={1..12,15,16}
MA={1..12}
Jan-2001 SFH 68
SFH Optimization
Jan-2001 SFH 69
SFH Optimization
Jan-2001 SFH 70
The Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Quality
BER FER
Jan-2001 SFH 71
SFH Optimization
Tems
When using Tems only the FER has a meaning, the BER is no longer
correlated to speech quality
We plot the drive test in FER and not in BER, the area where the FER
is >=5 must be optimized
BER
FER
Jan-2001 SFH 72
SFH Optimization
Tems
Jan-2001 SFH 73
SFH Optimization
Indicators
Jan-2001 SFH 74
SFH Optimization
Indicators
Jan-2001 SFH 75
SFH Optimization
Quality Assessment
Jan-2001 SFH 76
Summary
Jan-2001 SFH 77