Lipids consist of two parts

1. Glycerol
2. Fatty Acids
a. Saturated fatty acids
b. Unsaturated fatty acids
.Monounsaturated . Polyunsaturated
Figure 3 : Formation of
TG
Table 1 : Saturated fatty acids
Table 2 : Unsaturated fatty acids
Lipids are classified as simple or complex

1. Simple lipid
a. Fatty acids
b. neutral fats (monoglyceride,
diglycerde, and triglyceride)
c. waxes Figure 1 : Triglyceride

2. Complex lipids
a. Phospholipids
b. Glycolipids
c. Lipoproteins
Figure 2 :
3. Derived lipids Phosphatidic acid
Omega Fatty acid
Cis- Trans Fatty acid
Function of Fat

Fat in Food
. Energy

. Essential nutrient

. Flavor and Satisfaction

Fat in Body

. Adipose Tissue
. Cell membrane Structure
Food Sources of Fat

Animal Fats
. Meat Fat (bacon, sausage.)

. Dairy Fats and products (cream, butter, cheese..)

. Egg yolk

Plant Fat
. Monounsaturated , polyunsaturated Fatty acid

. Vegetable oil (safflower, corn, soybean,

cottonseed, olive oil)
Characteristics Of Food Fat Sources

Visible Fat
. Butter, margarin, salad oils and
dressing,shirteninig fat meat

Invisible Fat
. Chees, cream portion of homogenised milk, egg
yolk, nuts, seeds, olives..
Digestion of lipids

1. In mouth
mechanical digestion
Lingual Lipase

2. In stomach
mechanical digestion
Gastric lipase
 3. In small intestine
Bile acid, Pancreatic Lipase, Cholesterol
esterase, Phospholipase

Triglycerides 1 fatty acids + Diglycerides

Triglycerides 2 fatty acids + Mono glycerides

Triglycerides 3 fatty acids + glycerol

Essential Fatty Acids
Only recently determined as essential
(1930)
body can synthesize cholesterol,
phospholipids
research: same as AAs but via
addition (EFAs added improved
growth, NEFAs didnt)
requirement determined by depleting
fat reserves of subject animal:
difficult
Essential Fatty Acids (most animals)
salmonids need n-3 FAs for membrane flexibility in cold
water
trout can elongate and desaturate n-3 FAs
Linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) is the most essential
addition of arachidonic is also helpful in deficient diets,
but can be synthesized from linoleic (maybe sparing effect)
EFAs, like EAAs, must be dietary
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

saturated fats tightly packed, clog arteries as atherosclerosis

because of double bonds, polyunsaturated fats do not pack well --
like building a wall with bricks vs. irregular-shaped objects
plant fats are much higher in PUFAs than animal fats

Lipid Digestion/Absorption

Fats serve a structural function in cells, as sources of energy, and

insulation
the poor water solubility of lipids presents a problem for digestion:
substrates are not easily accessible to digestive enzymes
even if hydrolyzed, the products tend to aggregate to larger complexes
that make poor contact with the cell surface and arent easily absorbed
to overcome these problems, changes in the physical state of lipids are
connected to chemical changes during digestion and absorption
 Saturated vs. Unsaturated FAs Plant vs. Animal Fat

corn soy tallow lard

Sat. FAs
Myristic 3
Palmitic 7.0 8.5 27 32.2
Stearic 2.4 3.5 21 7.8
Unsat. FAs
Oleic 45.6 17 40 48
Linoleic 45.0 54.4 2 11
Linolenic 7.1 0.5 0.6
Arachid.
Absorption of lipids

Figure 4 : Absorption of fat.

 Transportation of lipids
Table 3 Lipids are transported in the plasma as lipoproteins.
Source Destination Major lipids Functions

Chylomicrons Intestine Many organs Triglycerides, Deliver lipids of

other lipids dietary origin to
body cell.
VLDLs Liver Many organs Triglycerides, Deliver
Cholesterol endogenously
produced
triglycerides to
body cells.
LDLs Intraviscular Blood vessels, Cholesterol Deliver
removal of Liver endogenously
triglycerides from produced
VLDL cholesterol to
various organs.
HDLs Liver and Liver and Cholesterol Remove and
intestine steroid-hormone- degrade
producing glands Cholesterol.
Lipids Metabolism

. Liver and Adipose tissue play a central role in

lipid metabolism.

. Adipose tissue is the main store of triglyceride

in the body.

. Lipid metabolism either lipolysis or lipogenesis.

. Fatty acids are both oxidized to acetyl CoA

and synthesized from acetyl CoA.
Lipolysis
. Complete hydorlysis of triglyceride yeild
gelycerol and 3 fatty acids.

. Fatty acids oxidiation take place in the

mitochonderia.

. Fatty acids are activated before being

catabolized (oxidized).

Fatty acid + ATP + CoA Acyl CoA + AMP

+ PPi
Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner -
Mitochinderial membrane as carnitine derivatives.

Figure 5 : Role of carnitine in the transport of long

chain fatty acids.
 - oxidation pathway of fatty acids
. Many tissues are capable of oxidizing fatty
acids in the mitochondria by - oxidation
pathway.

. The chain is broken between the (2) and (3)

carbon atoms.

Figure 6 : Overview of - oxidation pathway of fatty acids

 - oxidation of fatty acids (Figure 7)
The products of oxidation of fatty acids
Oxidation of fatty acids produces a large quantity of
ATP,

.example : Palmitic acid (C:16 )

7 cycles from 7 NADH + 7 FADH2
(7 x5 = 35 ATP)
7 cycles from 8 Acetyl CoA
(8 x 12 = 96 ATP)
2 ATP for the initial activation
of fatty acid
Figure 8 : acetyl CoA
( 35 +96 2 = 129 molecule of ATP) product
Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids occurs by
amodified - oxidation pathway (figure9)
Ketone bodies
Ketogenesis occurs when there is a high rate of
fatty acid oxidation in the Liver (figure 10).
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
CoA

Aceto acetyl CoA

CoA

Acetoacetate

-hydroxy butyrate Acetone

Lipogenesis

. The body is capable of synthesizing fatty acids in

the cytoplast of the cell from starter ( acetyl CoA +
malonyl CoA).

. Malonyl CoA is formed from Acetyl CoA

Figure 11 : Biosynthesis of Malonyl CoA

. Acetyl CoA transfer to the cytoplast across the
mitochondrial membrane in the form of citrate

Figure 12 : Conversion the citrate to Oxaloacetate

and Acetyl CoA.

. The enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis are

arranged in a complex called the fatty acid synthase
system.
The steps in the synthesis of fatty acid ( Figure 13)
 Cholesterol
. Cholesterol is not an energy
producing nutrient.

. It is an essential structural Figure 14 : Cholesterol

component of membrane of the outer layer of plasma

lipoprotien.

Bile acids and steriod hormones are formed from

cholesterol.

. Cholesteryl ester is a storage form of cholesterol which

is found in most tissues.
Acetyl CoA is the source of all carbon atoms in cholesterol
Acetyl CoA
CoA

Acetoacetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
CoA

-hydroxy- - methylglutaryl CoA

HMG-CoA
reductase

Mevalonate Squalene

Cyclization
Farmesyl pyrophosphate
 References

Brene, R., Levy, M., Koeppen, B., Stanton, B., (2004) Physiology,
Fifth edition. Mosby.

Fox, S., (2004) Human Physiology, Eighth edition. Mc Graw Hill.

Hunt, S., Groff, J., (1997) Advanced Nutrition and Human

Metabolism, West Puplishing Company.

Lehninger, A., Nelson, D., Cox, M.,(1993) Principles of

Biochemistry, 2nd edtion. Worth Puplishers.

Murray, R., Granner, D., Mayes, P., Rodwell, V., (1996) Hapers
Biochemistry, 24th edition, Prentic-Hall International, Inc.

Seeley, R., Stephens, T., Tate, P., (1992) Anatomy and

Physiology,Mosby Yearbook.