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ELECTRICAL
MACHINE
DC AC DC AC
Separately 1
Self exited 1 3 series shunt Compound 3
exited
In a generator, conductors forming an electric
circuit are made to move through a magnetic
field.
By Faradays law an e.m.f. is induced in the
conductors and thus a source of e.m.f. is
created.
A generator converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy
E -The induced e.m.f.
B -the flux density (teslas),
L -the length of conductor in the magnetic field (m),
V -the conductor velocity, (m/s).
Flemings Right-hand rule
(often called the geneRator rule)
which states:
E = 2NBlv sin
Problem 1.
A rectangular coil of sides 12 cm and 8 cm is rotated in a magnetic
field of flux density1.4T, the longer side of the coil actually cutting
this flux. The coil is made up of 80 turns and rotates at
1200 rev/min.
(b) If the coil generates 90 V, at what speed will the coil rotate?
b) Since E =2NBlv sin
The action of a commutator
The arrangement shown in Fig. 1.5 (a) is called a
two-segmentcommutator and the voltage is applied
to the rotating segments by stationary brushes,
(usually carbon blocks), which slide on the
commutator material, (usually copper), when rotation
takes place.
In practice, there are many conductors on the rotating part of a d.c.
machine and these are attached to many commutator segments.
Armature coil
Brushes
Loops of wire are wound around slot in a metal core DC machine armature
Lap Wound Armatures
are used in machines designed for low voltage and high
current
armatures are constructed with large wire because of high
current
Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in
parallel. This permits the current capacity of each winding to
be added and provides a higher operating current
No of current path, C=2p ; p=no of poles
Wave Wound Armatures
are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current
their windings connected in series
When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each
winding adds, but the current capacity remains the same
are used is in the small generator in hand-cranked
megohmmeters
No of current path, C=2
Frogleg Wound Armatures
the most used in practical nowadays
designed for use with moderate current and moderate
armatures voltage
the windings are connected in series parallel.
Most large DC machines use frogleg wound
armatures.
Square wire permits more turns than round wire in the same area
Shunt field windings
is constructed with relatively many turns of small wire,
thus, it has a much higher resistance than the series field.
is intended to be connected in parallel with, or shunt, the
armature.
high resistance is used to limit current flow through the
field.
When a DC machine uses both series and shunt fields, each
pole piece will contain both windings.
armature field
1. Permanent magnet
2. Separately excited
3. Self-excited
DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
1. Permanent magnet
The poles are made of permanent magnets.
No field winding required.
Small size.
Disadvantage is low flux density, so low torque.
DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
2. Separately excited
The field flux is derived from a separate power source
independent of the generator itself.
B
Armature
Field winding
winding
DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
3. Self-excited
Shunt machine
The field flux is derived
by connecting the field
directly across the
terminals of the
generator.
B
DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
3. Self-excited
Series machine
field are connected
in series with
armature
B
DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
3. Self-excited
Cumulatively compounded
B B
Differentially compounded
B B
DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
3. Self-excited
Compounded dc generator
both a shunt and a series field
are present
DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
3. Self-excited
Compounded dc motor
both a shunt and a
series field are present