Water Treatment Plants

Thought Of The Day

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Water Flow

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 Water Consumption
Water provided for human consumption requires
treatment in order to make it
safe (potable)
pleasant to taste (palatable)

Modern technology offers remarkable capabilities

to accomplish these goals
introduction of new and different pollutants
cost of treating to required levels is a challenge
for the water supply industry

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 Water Demand
Municipal water supplies are treated to
be both palatable and potable,
regardless of their intended use
If each person uses about 100 litres of
water per day
Commercial and industrial users may
increase that demand by more than 5
times

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 Drinking Water - Quality
Our water supply comes
from two sources
surface waters i.e.
rivers, lakes and
reservoirs
groundwater, which is
stored below the
earth's surface
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Each source presents its own
problems
Surface water has elevated
levels of soil particles and algae,
making the water turbid
may contain pathogens
Groundwater has higher levels
of dissolved organic matter
(yellow color) and minerals such
as iron
Both sources may have high
levels of calcium and magnesium
(hardness)
both can be contaminated
by toxic chemicals
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Water Treatment Process

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Drinking Water Plant

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Untreated to Treated Water

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 Conventional Surface Water
Treatment
Raw water
Screening Filtration
sludge sludge
Alum
Coagulation Cl2 Disinfection
Polymers

Flocculation Storage

Sedimentation Distribution
sludge
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 Screening
Removes large solids
logs
branches
rags
fish
Simple process
may incorporate a mechanized trash removal system
Protects pumps and pipes in Water Treatment
Plants

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 Coagulation
Small particles are not
removed efficiently by
sedimentation because they
settle too slowly
they may also pass through
filters
easier to remove if they are
clumped together
Coagulated to form larger
particles, but they don't
because they have a negative
charge
repel each other (like two
north poles of a magnet)
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In coagulation
we add a chemical such
as alum which produces
positive charges to
neutralize the negative
charges on the particles
particles can stick together
forming larger particles
more easily removed
process involves addition of
chemical (e.g. alum)
rapid mixing to dissolve the
chemical
distribute it evenly
throughout water
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 Coagulants
Aluminum Sulfate Factors for choosing a
Al2(SO4)3 coagulant?
Ferrous Sulfate FeSO4 1. Easily available in all
Ferric Sulfate dry and liquid forms
Fe2(SO4)3 2. Economical
Ferric Chloride FeCl3 3. Effective over wide
Lime Ca(OH)2 range of pH
4. Produces less sludges
Aluminum salts are 5. Less harmful for
cheaper but iron salts are environment
more effective over wider 6. Fast
pH range

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 Flocculation
Now the particles have a neutral
charge
can stick together
The water flows into a tank with
paddles that provide slow mixing
bring the small particles
together to form larger
particles called flocs
Mixing is done quite slowly and
gently in the flocculation step

If the mixing is too fast, the

flocs will break apart into small
particles that are difficult to
remove by sedimentation or
filtration.
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 Sedimentation
water flows to a tank called a
sedimentation basin
gravity causes the flocs to
settle to the bottom
Large particles settle more
rapidly than small particles
It would take a very long time
for all particles to settle out
and that would mean we would
need a very large sedimentation
basin.
So the clarified water, with
most of the particles removed,
moves on to the filtration step
where the finer particles are
removed

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 Filtration
The filtration apparatus is a
concrete box which contains sand
(which does the filtering), gravel
(which keeps the sand from getting
out) and underdrain (where the
filtered water exits)
After the filter is operated for a
while, the sand becomes clogged
with particles and must
be backwashed
Flow through the filter is reversed
and the sand and particles are
suspended
The particles are lighter than the
sand, so they rise up and are flushed
from the system. When backwashing
is complete, the sand settles down
onto the gravel, flow is reversed and
the process begins again
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 Sedimentation Tank

Aeration

Flocculation
Coagulation
Raw water

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 Disinfection
With particles removed, it only
remains to
provide disinfection, so that no
pathogens remain in the water
Protozoan pathogens are large in
size and have been removed with
other particles
Bacteria and viruses are now
destroyed by addition of
a disinfectant

Chlorination
Enough chlorine is added so that
some remains to go out in the
water distribution system,
protecting the public once the
water leaves the plant

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 Softening
Areas where water comes into
contact with limestone, there
may be high levels of calcium and
magnesium present
these chemicals make the water
"hard"
Hardness is removed by a
process called softening
Two chemicals (lime, CaO and
soda ash, Na2CO3 ) are added to
water
causing the calcium and
magnesium to form precipitates
solid substance is then removed
with the other particles by
sedimentation and filtration

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 Synthetic Organic Chemicals
Water supplies can be contaminated with
synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) from
agricultural runoff or commercial and
industrial sources
such as the leaking underground storage
tank
These chemicals are not efficiently
removed by the simple water treatment
process
These chemicals can be removed by
passing the water through a layer
of activated carbon in a column
The carbon granules strongly attract
organic chemicals removing them from
the water by a process called adsorption
When the carbon is full and can't hold
any more chemical, it is removed from
the column, heated to burn off
contaminants and can then be re-used.
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 Distribution
Pumping of the clean
water produced at
the treatment plant
to the community is
called distribution
This can be done
directly or by first
pumping the water
to reservoirs or
water storage tanks
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 Onsite Treatment
Color, Taste and Odor
The activated carbon
technology used in
municipal drinking water
treatment can be applied
in homes as well
the carbon is contained in
a "household-sized"
column
water passes through the
carbon removing organic
matter (which can cause a
yellow color) and also
compounds which cause
unpleasant taste and odor

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 Onsite Treatment
At The Tap
Home water treatment
systems may also be
installed at the tap
Although the
technologies vary
somewhat among
products, they typically
include pre-filtration
hardness and metals
removal by ion exchange
organic matter removal
with activated carbon
post-filtration

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US Bottled Water Sales

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Decrease in Tap Water Consumption

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Bottled Water vs Filtration System

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The Plastic Planet

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 Implement A Project
Low Cost
Water Conservation
Water Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Safe Drinking Water
for Flood Effected
People
Rainwater Harvesting
Or
Any Smart Idea related
to Public Health
Engineering

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 Rawal Lake
Water Treatment Plant
 Water Supply

Water supply in Potohar region

Groundwater- major source

Groundwater is supplemented with treated

surface water

Disinfectants
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 Sources of Drinking Water in
Rawalpindi
Two main sources of water in Rawalpindi.
Groundwater
Groundwater with Tube wells
located throughout the city
290 tube wells in WASA controlled area
supplying approximately 28 MGD water to the residents
of Rawalpindi.
Surface water in the form of lakes
Surface water is supplied from Khanpur Dam (14.6 MGD)
through Sangjani Water Treatment Plant
Rawal Lake through Rawal Lake Water Filtration Plant (23
MGD).
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 Ground- vs. Surface Water
Groundwater Surface water
constant composition variable composition
high mineral content low mineral content
low turbidity high turbidity
low color colored
low or no D.O. D.O. present
high hardness low hardness
high Fe, Mn taste and odor

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 History
Initial Construction 1962-63
Capacity 14 MGD
Executing Agency WAPDA
Contractor WABAG, Germany

First Extension (7 MGD) 1975-79

Extended Capacity. 21 MGD
Executing Agency PHED, Govt. of Punjab
Contractor M/S Federal Const. Corp. Lahore.

Second Extension (7 MGD) 2000-2002

Extended Capacity. 28 MGD
Executing Agency PMU, WASA/RDA
Contractor VA TECH. WABAG GmbH,
Austria.

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 Main Components
Screening
Coagulation
Aeration
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection or Chlorination
Lime Dosing

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 Components
Screening
3 Bar Screens.
large pieces
form of branches of trees
leaves
clothes
plastic bags
dead animal

Aeration
2 Blowers. Air flow @ 6 m3/min.
remove taste and odor problems from incoming raw water
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level of water is enhanced by this process

Coagulation
2 geared drives
shaft mounted mixers for alum mixing
coagulant delivery pipes
alum is added and rapidly mixed with water
remove suspended particles in the form of turbidity
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 Components
Flocculation
Clarifier # 1 to 3
3 Mechanical Flocculation mounted on a central rotating full
bridge with sludge scraper rotating bridge
Clarifier Area = 475 m2
Up flow velocity = 2.55 m/hr.
Total flow = 336 L/s
Clarifier # 4
4 flat bottom clarifiers Hydraulic flocculators (Vertical baffles)
16 sludge concentrator Cones
Clarifier Area = 4 x 190 = 760 m2
Up flow velocity = 2.2 m/hr.
Total flow = 475 L/ s
Coagulant is mixed through vertical baffling arrangements

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 Components
Sedimentation
large flocs are removed by gravity settling
clear water is collected from the surface
settled material (sludge) removed from sedimentation tank
rotating vipers and sludge valves

Filtration
removal of suspended non settleable solids from the drinking water
supernatant water after sedimentation
passed through a 1.4 meter column of silica sand
effective size of 0.95mm ( 10 %)
filtration rate of 5.4 m/hr. (average)-6.5 m/hr (Max)(110-130 glns/ft2. /hr.)

Filter Backwashing
Conventional backwashing system includes
Compressed air
Air and Water
Water
Approximate time 12 to 20 minutes

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 Filter Backwash
Sand is backwashed when
It becomes clogged
Turbidity of filtered water gets too high

During backwash, water is pumped upwards

through the sand bed
Sand becomes fluidized, and particles are
flushed from the sand
Dirty backwash water is pumped into a settling
pond and either
Recycled back into plant or
Disposed

Backwashing can consume 1% to 5% of a plants

production
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 Sedimentation Tank

Aeration

Flocculation
Coagulation
Raw water

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 Components
Disinfection or Chlorination
Liquid chlorine is used for this purpose
dosage rate varies from 1.5 to 2.0 mg chlorine per
liter of water
depending upon the level of contamination, pH, and
temperature
ensuring the residual chlorine upto 0.3-0.5 mg/l.
Lime Dosing
last unit process applied at Rawal Lake water
filtration plant
lime is used to adjust the pH of water

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Disadvantages of Chlorination
Chlorine is a dangerous chemical because
1. it irritates the respiratory system
2. it irritates the eyes
3. can form Trihalomethanes, THMs, which are possible
carcinogens

Other disinfectant chemicals

Ozone gas (O3)
Ultraviolet light (UV)
Not as desirable because
More expensive than chlorine
Cant maintain a residual concentration

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 Water Quality Monitoring
Program
Water quality analysis laboratory
regularly monitor and analyze the quality of
water supplied through plant
equipped with latest instruments and chemicals
to test all the basic physico-chemical and
biological parameters
recommended by the World Health Organization
Urban Water Supply & Sanitation Project Phase
I

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Serial No. Water Quality Parameter
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
1 Appearance
2 Color
3 Odor
4 Taste
5 Temperature
6 Turbidity
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
7 pH
8 Alkalinity
9 Hardness as CaCO3
10 Electrical Conductivity
11 Sulphate
12 Calcium
13 Magnesium
14 Total Dissolved Solids
15 Chlorides
16 Residual Chlorine
17 Nitrate as NO3-
18 Nitrite as NO2-
BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
19 Total Coliform Count
20 Fecal Coliform Count
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
21 Arsenic +3/+5
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22 Cyanide as CN-
 Treated Water Quality
Turbidity. 1-3 NTU
Color. Colorless
Odor Unobjectionable
pH 7.5 to 9.5
Residual Chlorine. 0.3 to 0.5 mg/L
(at WW 1 and Topi WW)

Coliform Bacteria Nil/100 ml

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 Rawal Lake Catchment Area
Poultry Waste from
Noor Pur Shahan Murree

Bari Imam
Q.A. Malpur
Chatter Park
University Village
Diplomatic
Enclave

Kurrang
River

Bani Gala
Village
Lakhwal
Village

Filtration Plant
WASA

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Upstream

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Shahdra Kass

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Bari Imam

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Bari Imam

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Bari Imam

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Bari Imam

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Human Activities at Korang River

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Quaid-e-Azam University

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Pictorial View - Filtration Plant

RAWAL LAKE FILTRATION PLANT

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Intake Structure

WASA WASA

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Main Building

WASA

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Main Electrical Control Panel

WASA
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Circular and Rectangular Clarifiers

Rectangular Circular
Clarifier Clarifier

Filtration Media

WASA

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Filtration System

WASA WASA

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Filtered Water Collection System

WASA
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Lime Dosing System

WASA
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 Safe Drinking Water
How can you ensure
that your drinking
water is safe?

a) Boiling
b) Storing it safely
c) Drinking water from
safe sources
d) All of above

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Thank You