Petroleum Engineering

Petroleum Engineering is an integrated

field of engineering concerned with the
activities related to the production,
management and completion
hydrocarbon reserves, either crude oil or
natural gas.
 What is petroleum?
Petroleum: A general term for all
naturally occurring hydrocarbons
(hydrogen + carbon)
Solid Hydrocarbons: Asphalt
Liquid Hydrocarbons: Crude oil
Gas Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas:
methane, butane, propane, etc.

The simplest hydrocarbon

is Methane (CH4)
Hydrocarbons: organic compounds consisting of H and C

Crude oil (aka oil)

* Liquid mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons
* After refining: the chief source of transportation fuels

Natural gas
* Gaseous mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons
* After processing: used for power generation, residential,
fertilizers, manufacturing, transportation (still very limited)
 What do we get from oil?
1 barrel = 42 gallons of
crude oil
83% becomes fuel
Gasoline, diesel, jet fuel,
heating oil, and liquefied
petroleum gas (propane
and butane)
17% other
Solvents, fertilizers, * These add up to 44.6 gallons
pesticides, plastics because volume is increased during
the refining process.
 Reserves vs. Resources
Reserves are natural resources that have
already been discovered and can be exploited
for profit today
Resources are deposits that we know of (or
believe to exist), but are not exploitable today
Example: oil reserves ~1.2 trillion barrels, oil
resources ~2 trillion barrels
 Top 5 countries

Oil production
to date (since ~1860)
USA
Current rate of
FSU
KSA oil production
Iran FSU/KSA Remaining
Venezuela KSA/FSU oil reserves
USA
KSA
Iran
Iraq
China
Iran
Kuwait
FSU = former Soviet Union
UAE/Venez
KSA = Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
UAE = United Arab Emirates
Petroleum has been used by humans for
millennia, originally for fires and
warfare. In the Middle East, oil fields
were exploited by the 8th century CE.

These early users depended on seeps (like

this modern one), where petroleum rises
naturally because of subsurface pressure.
 More uses dyes packaging

eyeglass lenses auto parts phenols (antiseptics)

rubbing alcohol TNT synthetic rubber drugs

vinyl detergents sterilizers (food & medical supplies)

A tiny number of electric vehicles have entered the market

recently, but we are AT LEAST 10 years from widely available,
affordable EVsand itll be much longer before we replace oil-
powered aircraft, trucks, and agricultural machinery. Oil will be
our main fuel for many years.
 Where does petroleum come from?

1. Source rocks rich in organic matter

2. Transform the organic material with heat and
pressure to into petroleum (Maturation)
3. Carrier beds that allow the generated petroleum to
move
4. Traps that keep the petroleum below ground
5. Adequate reservoir beds from which the
petroleum can be extracted
6. Proper timing of events 1-5
 Exploration Techniques
GEOLOGICAL
Search for anticlines which outcrop at surface
Correlation to make regional assessment
Search for stratigraphic traps

GEOCHEMICAL
Microseeps survey
Source rock studies

GEOPHYSICAL
Magnetometer surveys
Gravity surveys
Seismic surveys
World Oil Consumption Predictions
PAKISTAN SCENARIO
Main Explored Areas and Landmark Discoveries

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 Zone Map of Pakistan
N.W.F.P
J&K
Disputed
Territory

Punjab
ONSHORE

ZONE-II
ZONE-I: (High Risk High Cost)
ZONE-II
West Balochistan, Pashin and PotwarBasins
ZONE-I ZONE-II: (Medium Risk High to Medium Cost)
Kirthar, East Balochistan, Punjab platform
ZONE-III and Sulaiman Basins
Balochistan Sindh ZONE-III: (Low Risk Low Cost)
Lower Indus Basin

ZONE-O OFFSHORE
Shallow

Deep ZONE-0: Indus Basin and Makran Basin

Ultra Deep Shallow: Water depth (0 to 200 M)

Deep: Water depth (200 to 1000 M)
Ultra Deep: Water depth ( >1000 M)
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 Way Forward for Exploiting
Hydrocarbon Resources
Development of Oil is first discovered in
human resource is the mind then in the
Fundamental ground. R&D is the key
which is grossly ignored
prerequisite
Oil is found in new Public sector must play
areas using old ideas the lead role in finding
and in old areas using new reserves of oil and
new ideas gas in Pakistan
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