ANATOMY OF

THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

dr. Sutrisno, Sp.OG, M.Kes

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology

FACULTY OF MEDICINE
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY

MARGONO SOEKARDJO GENERAL HOSPITAL

TEXTBOOKS :
F.Garry Cunningham, Norman F.Gant, Kenneth J Leveno,
Larry C Gilstrap III, John C Hauth, Katharine D Wenstrom.
Williams Obstetrics, 21st ed. ; 2001.
Ralph C. Benson. Current Obstetrics & Gynecologic
Diagnosis & Treatment, 4th ed ; 1982.
1. EXTERNAL GENERATIVE ORGANS
2. INTERNAL GENERATIVE ORGANS
3. THE BONY PELVIS
1. EXTERNAL GENERATIVE ORGANS
a. Mons Pubis
b. Labia majora (length 7-8 cm, width 2-3 cm,
thickness 1-1.5 cm)
c. Labia minora
d. Clitoris (erectile)
e. Vestibule (urethral opening, vestibular bulbs,
vaginal opening and hymen)
f. Vagina (anterior wall : 6-8 cm; posterior wall :
7 - 10 cm)
g. Perineum
PERINEUM
- THE PELVIC DIAGRAM CONSIST OF
- Levator ani muscles
- Cocccygeus muscles
- THE UROGENITAL DIAGRAM
- THE EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER MUSCLES
- THE INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER MUSCLES

PERINEAL BODY
2. INTERNAL GENERATIVE ORGAN
a. Uterus
b. Uterine Cervix
c. Body of the uterus
d. Oviducts (Fallopian tubes)
e. Ovaries
f. Embryological Remnants
Will be discussed in
g. Surgical anatomy the special chapter
a. UTERUS (anterior flat, posterior convex)
- Isthmus (Internal Cervical OS - Endometrial cavity)
- Cornua
- Fundus

Before puberty : Length 2.5 - 3.5 cm

Adult (nulliparous) : Length 6 - 8 cm, weight 50 - 70 gram
Multiparous : Length 9 - 10 cm, weight > 80 gram
 b. UTERINE CERVIX

PREMENARCHAL GIRL
- Body uterus : Length of the cervix = 1:2
NULLIPAROUS WOMEN
- Body uterus : Length of the cervix = 1:1
MULTIPAROUS WOMEN
- Total length of the organ : Length of the cervix = 3 : 1
C. BODY OF THE UTERUS
- Composed of serosal, muscular & mucosal layers

myometrium
endometrium

THREE FUNDAMENTAL PHASES

- Menstrual
- Proliferative ( follicular )
- Seceretory ( Luteal )
LIGAMENTS
- The broad ligaments
- Infundibulo pelvic ligament (suspensory of the ovary)
- Cardinal ligament - Mackenrodt ligament
- The round ligament
- Utero sacral ligament

POSITION OF UTERUS
- Blood vessels
- Lymphatics
- Innervation ( Superior and inferior hypo gastric plexus, Nervi
erigentes, common iliac nerves, hypo gastric ganglion).
d. OVIDUCTS ( length 8 - 14 cm )
- Narrowest portion (isthmus) : diameter 2 - 3 mm
- Widest portion (ampulla) : diameter 5 - 8 mm

4 PORTIONS :
- Interstitial
- Isthmus
- Ampulla
- Infundibulum
e. OVARIES ( Cortex, Medulla )
Childbearing years :
- Length 2.5 - 5 cm , Breadth 1.5 - 3 cm,
Thickness 0.6 - 1.5 cm

AFTER MENOPAUSE :
- Ovarian size diminishes remarkably
THE BONY
PELVIS
THE BONY PELVIS
a. Pelvic anatomy
b. Pelvic joints
c. Planes & diameters of the pelvis
d. Pelvic shapes
e. Pelvic size and its clinical estimation
a. PELVIC ANATOMY

b. PELVIC JOINTS
- Symphysis pubis
- Sacroiliac joints
- Relaxation of the pelvic joints
( especially during pregnancy)
PLANES AND DIAMETER OF THE PELVIS

HAVING 4 IMAGINARY PLANES :

1. The plane of the pelvic inlet ( Superior strait )
2. The plane of the pelvic outlet ( Inferior strait )
3. The plane of the mid pelvis ( least pelvic dimensions )
4. The plane of greatest pelvic dimensions
( Has no obstetrical significance ,
it is not considered further)
PELVIC SHAPES
CALDWELL - MOLOY CLASSIFICATION (1933 - 34)

Gynecoid pelvis
Android pelvis
Anthropoid pelvis
Platypelloid pelvis
CALDWELL
MOLOY
GYNECOID PELVIS
- Almost 50% of white women (Todd Collection study)
- Ascertained the frequency of the four parent pelvic types
by study of Todds Collection ( Caldwell & CoWorkers,1939)

ANDROID PELVIS
- 1/3 of pure type pelvis ( white women), 1/6 non white women
- The extreme android pelvis presages poor prognosis for vaginal
delivery
- The frequency of difficult forceps operations increases
ANTHROPOID PELVIS
- 1/4 pure type pelvis in white women and nearly
1 1/2 of those in non white women

PLATYPELLOID PELVIS
- Rarest of the pure varieties ( < 3% )

INTERMEDIATE TYPE PELVIS

- Mixed type
- More frequent than pure types
PELVIC SIZE AND ITS CLINICAL ESTIMATION

- Pelvic inlet measurements

- Diagonal conjugate
- Engagerment : - with engagerment, the fetal head
serves as an internal pelvimeter to demonstrate
that the pelvic inlet is ample for that fetus.
PELVIC INLET
- Obstetrical conjugate ( normal > 10 cm)
- Diagonal conjugate
CD - 1.5 to 2 cm = True conjugate
 PELVIC OUTLET MEASUREMENTS
( diameter between the ischial tuberosities )
Called as :
- Biischial diameter , Inter tuberous diameter, Transverse
diameter of the outlet

- The shape of the sub pubic arch also can be evaluated

at the same time by palpating the pubic rami from the
sub pubic region toward the ischial tuberosities.
- Estimated by placing a closed fist against the
perineum between the ischial tuberosities, after fist
measuring the width of the closed fist ( usually > 8 cm )
 MID PELVIS ESTIMATION
- Clinical estimation of mid pelvis capacity by any
direct form of measurement is not possible -

Suspicion contracted pelvis in this region :

- Ischial spines are quite prominent
- The side walls are felt to converge
- The concavity of the sacrum is very shallow
- Ischial diameter of the outlet < 8 cm
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