Professional Documents
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7.1 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
After Studying Chapter 7,
you should be able to:
1. Explain the difference between the flow of funds (sources and
uses of funds) statement and the statement of cash flows
and understand the benefits of using each.
2. Define "funds" and identify sources and uses of funds.
3. Create a sources and uses of funds statement, make
adjustments, and analyze the final results.
4. Describe the purpose and content of the statement of cash
flows as well as implications that can be drawn from it.
5. Prepare a cash budget from forecasts of sales, receipts, and
disbursements and know why such a budget should be
flexible.
6. Develop forecasted balance sheets and income statements.
7. Understand the importance of using probabilistic information
in forecasting financial statements and evaluating a firm's
condition.
7.2 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Fund Analysis, Cash-Flow
Analysis, and Financial Planning
7.7 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Sources and
Uses Statement
The letters labeling
the boxes stand for
Uses, Sources,
A L
Assets, and
Liabilities (broadly
defined). The pluses S +
(minuses) indicate
increases
(decreases) in
U +
assets or liabilities.
7.8 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
BWs Determination
of Sources and Uses
Assets 2007 2006 +/ S/U
Cash $ 90 $ 100 10 S
Acct. Rec. 394 410 16 S
Inventories 696 616 80 + U
Prepaid Exp 5 5
Accum Tax Prepay 10 9 1+ U
Current Assets $ 1,195 $ 1,140 N/A
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1030 930 N/A
Less: Acc. Depr. (329) (299) N/A
Net Fix. Assets $ 701 $ 631 70+ U
Investment, LT 50 50
Other Assets, LT 223 223
Total Assets $ 2,169 $ 2,044
7.9 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
BWs Determination
of Sources and Uses
Liabilities and Equity 2007 2006 +/ S/U
Notes Payable $ 290 $ 295 5 U
Acct. Payable 94 94
Accrued Taxes 16 16
Other Accrued Liab. 100 100
Current Liab. $ 500 $ 505 N/A
Long-Term Debt 530 453 77+ S
Shareholders Equity
Com. Stock ($1 par) 200 200
Add Pd in Capital 729 729
Retained Earnings 210 157 53 + S
Total Equity $ 1,139 $ 1086 N/A
Total Liab/Equity $ 2,169 $ 2,044
7.10 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basic Sources
and Uses Statement
SOURCES
Increase, Retained Earnings $ 53
Decrease, Accounts Receivable 16
Increase, Long-Term Debt 77
Decrease, Cash 10
USES $156
Increase, Inventories $80
Increase, Accum Tax Prepay 1
Decrease, Notes Payable 5
Increase, Net Fixed Assets 70
$156
7.11 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Adjusting the Basic
Sources and Uses Statement
The following three slides are
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet
and Income Statement that was
discussed in Chapter 6.
This information will be needed
to adjust the basic Sources
and Uses Statement.
7.12 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basket Wonders Balance
Sheet (Asset Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2007a
Cash $ 90 a. How the firm stands on
Acct. Rec.c 394 a specific date.
Inventories 696 b. What BW owned.
Prepaid Exp d 5 c. Amounts owed by
Accum Tax Prepay 10 customers.
e d. Future expense items
Current Assets $1,195
f
already paid.
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1030 e. Cash/likely convertible
Less: Acc. Depr. g (329) to cash within 1 year.
Net Fix. Assets $ 701 f. Original amount paid.
Investment, LT 50 g. Acc. deductions for
Other Assets, LT 223 wear and tear.
Total Assets b $2,169
7.13 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basket Wonders Balance
Sheet (Liability Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2007
Notes Payable $ 290 a. Note, Assets =
Acct. Payablec 94 Liabilities + Equity.
Accrued Taxes d 16 b. What BW owed and
Other Accrued Liab. d 100 ownership position.
Current Liab. e $ 500 c. Owed to suppliers for
f goods and services.
Long-Term Debt 530
d. Unpaid wages,
Shareholders Equity salaries, etc.
Com. Stock ($1 par) g 200 e. Debts payable < 1 year.
Add Pd in Capital g 729 f. Debts payable > 1 year.
Retained Earnings h 210 g. Original investment.
Total Equity $1,139 h. Earnings reinvested.
Total Liab/Equitya,b $2,169
7.14 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basket Wonders
Income Statement
Basket Wonders Statement of Earnings (in thousands)
for Year Ending December 31, 2007a
Net Sales $ 2,211 a. Measures profitability
Cost of Goods Sold b 1,599 over a time period.
Gross Profit $ 612 b. Received, or receivable,
SG&A Expenses c 402 from customers.
EBITd $ 210 c. Sales comm., adv.,
officers salaries, etc.
Interest Expensee 59
f
d. Operating income.
EBT $ 151 e. Cost of borrowed funds.
Income Taxes 60 f. Taxable income.
EATg $ 91 g. Amount earned for
Cash Dividends 38 shareholders.
Increase in RE $ 53
7.15 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Adjusting the Basic
Sources and Uses Statement
Recognize Profits and Dividends
Change in retained earnings is composed
of profits and dividends.
Source: Net Profit $91
Less Use: Cash Dividends 38
(Net) Source: Incr., R.E. $53
7.16 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
BWs Determination
of Sources and Uses
Assets 2007 2006 +/ S/U
Cash $ 90 $ 100 $10 S
Acct. Rec. 394 410 16 S
Inventories 696 616 80 U
Prepaid Exp 5 5
Accum Tax Prepay 10 9 1 U
Current Assets $ 1,195 $ 1,140 N/A
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1030 930 N/A
Less: Acc. Depr. (329) (299) N/A
Net Fix. Assets $ 701 $ 631 70 U
Investment, LT 50 50
Other Assets, LT 223 223
Total Assets $ 2,169 $ 2,044
7.17 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Adjusting the Basic
Sources and Uses Statement
Recognize Depreciation and Gross
Changes in Fixed Assets
Change in net fixed assets is composed
of depreciation and fixed assets.
Source: Depreciation $ 30
Less Use: Add. to F.A. 100
(Net) Use: Incr., Net F.A. $ 70
7.18 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basic Sources
and Uses Statement
SOURCES
Increase, Retained Earnings $ 53
Decrease, Accounts Receivable 16
Increase, Long-Term Debt 77
Decrease, Cash 10
USES $156
Increase, Inventories $80
Increase, Accum Tax Prepay 1
Decrease, Notes Payable 5
Increase, Net Fixed Assets 70
$156
7.19 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Sources and Uses
Statement (Sources Side)
SOURCES
Funds provided by operations
Net Profit $ 91
Depreciation 30
7.20 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Sources and Uses
Statement (Uses Side)
USES
Dividends $ 38
Additions to fixed assets 100
Increase, Inventories 80
Increase, Accrued Taxes 1
Decrease, Notes Payable 5
$224
7.21 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Analyzing the Sources
and Uses Statement
Sources Uses
Primarily Primarily through
through net an increase in
profit from inventories and
operations and expenditures on
long-term debt capital assets.
increases.
7.22 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Statement of Cash Flows
A summary of a firms receipts &
payments during a period of time.
This statement reports cash inflows
and outflows based on the firms
operating activities,
investing activities, and
financing activities.
7.23 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
7.24 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Cash Flow From
Operating Activities
Cash Inflows
From sales of goods or services
From interest and dividend income
Cash Outflows
To pay suppliers for inventory
To pay employees for services
To pay lenders (interest)
To pay government for taxes
To pay other suppliers for other
operating expenses
7.25 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Cash Flow From
Operating Activities
It would seem more logical to classify
interest and dividend income as an
investing inflow, while interest paid
certainly looks like a financing
outflow.
But, the US Financial Accounting Standards
Board by a slim 4 to 3 vote classified these
items as operating flows.
7.26 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Shows impact of buying and selling
fixed assets and debt or equity
securities of other entities.
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Shows impact of all cash transactions
with shareholders and the borrowing
and repaying transactions with lenders.
7.27 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Cash Flow From
Investing Activities
Cash Inflows
From sale of fixed assets (property, plant,
equipment)
From sale of debt or equity securities of
other entities
Cash Outflows
To acquire fixed assets (property, plant,
equipment)
To purchase debt or equity of other entities
7.28 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Cash Flow From
Financing Activities
Cash Inflows
From borrowing
From the sale of the firms own equity
securities
Cash Outflows
To repay amounts borrowed
To repurchase the firms own equity
securities
To pay shareholders dividends
7.29 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basket Wonders
Income Statement
Basket Wonders Statement of Earnings (in thousands)
for Year Ending December 31, 2007a
Net Sales $ 2,211 a. Measures profitability
Cost of Goods Sold b 1,599 over a time period.
Gross Profit $ 612 b. Received, or receivable,
SG&A Expenses c 402 from customers.
EBITd $ 210 c. Sales comm., adv.,
officers salaries, etc.
Interest Expensee 59
f
d. Operating income.
EBT $ 151 e. Cost of borrowed funds.
Income Taxes 60 f. Taxable income.
EATg $ 91 g. Amount earned for
Cash Dividends 38 shareholders.
Increase in RE $ 53
7.30 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
BWs Determination
of Sources and Uses
Assets 2007 2006 +/ S/U
Cash $ 90 $ 100 $10 S
Acct. Rec. 394 410 16 S
Inventories 696 616 80 U
Prepaid Exp 5 5
Accum Tax Prepay 10 9 1 U
Current Assets $ 1,195 $ 1,140 N/A
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1030 930 N/A
Less: Acc. Depr. (329) (299) N/A
Net Fix. Assets $ 701 $ 631 70 U
Investment, LT 50 50
Other Assets, LT 223 223
Total Assets $ 2,169 $ 2,044
7.31 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Indirect Method
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Net Income $ 91
Depreciation 30
Decrease, accounts receivable 16
Increase, inventories ( 80)
Increase, accum. tax prepay ( 1)
7.32 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Indirect Method
Statement of Cash Flows
7.33 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
BWs Determination
of Sources and Uses
Liabilities and Equity 2007 2006 +/ S/U
Notes Payable $ 290 $ 295 $ 5 U
Acct. Payable 94 94
Accrued Taxes 16 16
Other Accrued Liab. 100 100
Current Liab. $ 500 $ 505 N/A
Long-Term Debt 530 453 77 S
Shareholders Equity
Com. Stock ($1 par) 200 200
Add Pd in Capital 729 729
Retained Earnings 210 157 53 S
Total Equity $ 1,139 $ 1086 N/A
Total Liab/Equity $ 2,169 $ 2,044
7.34 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Indirect Method
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
7.35 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Indirect Method
Statement of Cash Flows
7.36 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Indirect Method
Statement of Cash Flows
7.37 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Direct Method
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
7.40 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
BWs Determination
of Sources and Uses
Assets 2007 2006 +/ S/U
Cash $ 90 $ 100 $10 S
Acct. Rec. 394 410 16 S
Inventories 696 616 80 U
Prepaid Exp 5 5
Accum Tax Prepay 10 9 1 U
Current Assets $ 1,195 $ 1,140 N/A
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1030 930 N/A
Less: Acc. Depr. (329) (299) N/A
Net Fix. Assets $ 701 $ 631 70 U
Investment, LT 50 50
Other Assets, LT 223 223
Total Assets $ 2,169 $ 2,044
7.41 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Direct Method
Statement of Cash Flows
7.42 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Direct Method
Statement of Cash Flows
7.43 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Direct Method
Statement of Cash Flows
7.44 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Direct Method
Statement of Cash Flows
Increase (decrease) in cash $ ( 10)
Cash, 2006 100
Cash, 2007 $ 90
Supplemental cash flow disclosures
Net Income $ 91
Depreciation 30
Decrease, accounts receivable 16
Increase, inventories ( 80)
Increase, accum. tax prepay ( 1)
Net cash provided (used) by
operating activities $ 56
7.45 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Cash Flow Forecasting
A Cash Budget is a forecast of a firms future
cash flows arising from collections and
disbursements, usually on a monthly basis.
CASH COLLECTIONS
Cash sales, current $ 28 $ 23 $ 18 $ 21
80% of last months 108 205 164 128
credit sales
20% of 2-month-old 31 27 51 41
credit sales
Total sales receipts $167 $255 $233 $190
7.51 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Schedule of Projected Cash
Disbursements (Thousands)
DEC JAN FEB
Purchases $ 39 $ 35 $ 64
CASH DISBURSEMENTS FOR PURCHASES
AND OPERATING EXPENSES
100% of last months $ 39 $ 35
purchases
Wages paid 90 94
Other expenses paid 34 34
Total disbursements (purchases
and operating expenses) $163 $163
7.52 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Schedule of Projected Cash
Disbursements (Thousands)
MAR APR MAY JUN
Purchases $ 53 $ 40 $ 48 $ 50
CASH DISBURSEMENTS FOR
PURCHASES AND OPERATING
EXPENSES
7.53 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Schedule of Net Cash
Disbursements (Thousands)
JAN FEB MAR
7.54 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Schedule of Net Cash
Disbursements (Thousands)
APR MAY JUN
7.55 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Projected Net Cash
Flows and Cash Balances
JAN FEB MAR
Beginning cash balance $ 90 $ 57 $ 34
Total cash receipts 225 180 167
Total cash disbursements 258 203 218
Net cash flow $( 33) $( 23) $( 51)
Ending cash balance
without additional financing $ 57 $ 34 $( 17)
7.56 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Projected Net Cash
Flows and Cash Balances
APR MAY JUN
Beginning cash balance $( 17) $ 19 $ 86
Total cash receipts 255 233 190
Total cash disbursements 219 166 184
Net cash flow $ 36 $ 67 $ 6
Ending cash balance
without additional financing $ 19 $ 86 $ 92
7.57 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Range of
Cash-Flow Estimates
Examine factors that may influence cash
receipts such as changes in the state of the
economy that influence consumer buying
decisions and pricing strategies.
Examine factors that may influence cash
disbursements such as changes in the state
of the economy that impact operations,
capital expenditures, and dividend
payments.
7.58 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Management Uncertainty
in Ending Cash Balances
January Distribution
PROBABILITY OF
OCCURRENCE
7.62 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Forecasting BWs
Income Statement
Lisa Miller is forecasting the income
statement for 2008. She estimates that sales
for the 6 months ended June 30 will be
$1,222,000. COGS are estimated from the
average of years 2005 through 2007. Selling,
general, and administrative costs are
forecasted at $34,000 per month, while the
income tax rate is assumed equal to 40%.
Cash dividends and interest expenses are
expected to remain constant.
7.63 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basket Wonders Forecasted
Income Statement
Basket Wonders Forecasted Statement of Earnings (in
thousands) for Six Months Ending June 30, 2008
Net Salesa $ 1,222
Cost of Goods Sold b 865 a. From sales budget.
Gross Profit $ 357 b. Average of 68.7, 71.3,
SG&A Expenses c 204 and 72.3% multiplied by
EBIT $ 153 net sales.
Interest Expensed 29 c. $34,000 x 6 months.
EBT $ 124 d. Assumed to be $29,000.
Income Taxes 50 e. Did not change. Six (6)
EAT $ 74 months of dividends =
Cash Dividendse 19 (0.5)($38,000) = $19,000.
Increase in RE $ 55
7.64 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basket Wonders Balance
Sheet (Asset Side)
Forecasted Balance Sheet (thousands) June 30, 2008
Casha $ 92 a. From Cash Flow
Acct. Rec.b 222 Forecast.
Inventoriesc 692 b. 100% June, 20% May(credit ales).
Prepaid Exp 5 c. Inv Turnover=CGS/inv = 1.25
Accum Tax Prepay 10
Current Assets $1,021
d. Capital expenditure of
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1,140
$110,000 and
Less: Acc. Depr. (386) depreciation of
d
Net Fix. Assets $ 742 $69,000.
Investment, LT 50
Other Assets, LT 223 ASSUMPTIONS
Total Assets $2,036
7.65 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Basket Wonders Balance
Sheet (Liability Side)
Forecasted Balance Sheet (thousands) June 30, 2008
Notes Payablea $ 226 a. Previous balance less
Acct. Payableb 50 amount paid down.
Accrued Taxes c 16 b. 100% of June
Other Accrued Liab. d 20 purchases.
Current Liab. $ 312 c. No net change in
Long-Term Debt 530 accruals.
Shareholders Equity d. Decrease in unpaid
Com. Stock ($1 par) 200 wages, salaries, etc.
Add Pd in Capital 729 e. Increase in retained
Retained Earnings e 265 earnings (See 757).
Total Equity $1,194
Total Liab/Equity $2,036 ASSUMPTIONS
7.66 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.