Basic concept of x-ray

modality in
Radiology
department

Following are the x-ray modality is used as

diagnostic tool-
1.Conventional x-ray
2.CR(Computed Radiography)
3.DR(Digital Radiography)
 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a
German physicist, discovered x-
rays on November 8, 1895.

He discovered the potentiality of

x-ray by placing his wife's hand
between the x-ray tube & a
piece of cardboard coated with
barium.
 X-ray is produced by x-ray tube which is
nothing but a air vacuum glass tube
surrounded by metallic rectangular tube with
port of x-ray exit. Within the x-ray tube
tungsten coil ( cathod ) in one side and
anode to the other side.

On electrical energy supply(mA) through the

tungsten coil, electron come out from the
tungsten coil. Then on applying potential
difference(KV),with negative charge cathod
and positive charge anode electron will move
towards positive anode disc.
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This fast moving electrons are
stopped by positively charged
nucleus of anode disc. On stopping
the kinetic energy of fast moving
electrons are converted into x-ray
and heat energy. X-ray produced
<1% kinetic energy&>99% heat
energy.
 CHARACTER OF X-RAY

On producing x-ray ,x-ray come out

from x-ray tube with following
characteristic-
1.It is invisible.
2.Electromagnatic wave.
3.Runs in straight line.
4.Has energy.
5.Has ionizing power.
Interaction of x-ray with
organ
Onpassing the organ x-ray interaction with
body tissue depends on density and thickness.

X-raypassing on the opposite side of the

organ coming the image which is still invisible.

Transferof the invisible image to a visible

image are of different ways that determine the
following modalities-
1.Conventional x-ray
When the image is transfer to the x-ray plate by
interaction with the silver bromide and processing
in the dark room.

2.CR(Computed radiography)
When the image is received by some types of
receptor, Phosphorescent material in a cassette
plate, the receptor plate is then carried to the CR
machine (Reader). With the help of laser light
transfer the image to the computer. Processing
and viewing the image in the monitor and give
the print of the film.
3.DR(Digital radiography)

Invisible image after coming out from the

organ received by the receptor and
directly send through the cable to the
computer and after processing give image
and printing of the film. Here there no
question of manual handling like CR or
conventional x-ray.
Advantage of CR and DR

1.Image quality better.

2.Image can be stored.
3.Manipulation of the image is possible
like brightness control, image size.
4.Tele radiography is possible.
 Radiation dose

REM: Unit of absorbed dose

equivalent.
One rem is equal to the radiation
necessary to deposit energy of
100erg in1gram of irradiated
material multiplied by a quality
factor.
 NCRP Recommendation for
radiation dose limit

Occupational exposure (annual)

=5rem
Public exposure (annual)=0.5rem
Trainees under 18 year of
age=0.1rem
Embryo-fetus exposure=0.5rem.
 Radiation Hazard

One point should be remember that

there is no lower limit of x-ray which
is safe. Any small amount of
radiation can produced effect.
Two types of radiation hazard-
1.Somatic effect
2.Genetic effect
Somatic effect: Occur in the exposed
person.
1.Malignancy-Leukemia is more
common (long latent period-5
to 20 year)
Other like skin cancer(10 to 30 year
latent period)
2.Cataract
3.Impotency
4.Aggegerated aging process
 Genetic effect:

Disorder occur in future generation,up

to12 generation.
Like mental retardation, Organ
abnormality etc.
 Radiation protection

Following are the method which can

help the person from radiation-
1.Distance-More distance double
benefit that is inverse square law.
2.Time-Less time less exposure.
3.Sheilding of source of x-ray like lead
shield (2 mm) ,concrete wall (10
inch) ,barium powder etc.
Whatever may be types of wall
protection, weekly maximum
permissible exposures are 0.1R for
occupationally occupied and only
0.01R for occasionally 0ccupied
areas.
 CONCLUSSION

Above all the modalities conventional

x-ray,CR,DR which are very much
beneficial for diagnosis of disease.
However among the modalities CR
and DR is far better than
conventional x-ray in resolution as
well as manipulation of the image.
But before going to advice of x-
ray,everybody should remember
about the radiation hazard.
Thank You