Stick-n-Rudder Federal Aviation

Administration

Flight Training, LLC

Flight training begins on the
ground, not in the air.

Tyra Cerny, CFI, AGI, IGI

Scott Johnson, CFI, AGI
www.sticknrudder.com

Presented to: Instructors and Pilot Examiners

By: The FAASTeam
Date: July 1 to September 30, 2010
 Federal Aviation
FAASTeam Administration

CFI Workshop 8
Module 8, Core Topics 15:

Pilot Deviations Including

Runway Incursions

Presented to: Instructors and Pilot Examiners

By: The FAASTeam
Date: July 1 to September 30, 2010
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 FAASTeam CFI Workshop 8
Module 8 Core Topic 15
Pilot Deviations, Including Runway
Incursions:
Educate your students to recognize the potential
for Pilot Deviations during all Areas of Operation
Create and demonstrate situations that will
enable students to experience various types of
Pilot Deviations first hand in the training
environment.
Teach and practice strategies to mitigate Pilot
Deviations dependant on distractions and/or
cockpit confusion.
Are all of your students registered at FAASafety.gov?
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What is a Runway Incursion?

Any occurrence at an airport involving the

incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or
person on the protected area of a surface
designated for the landing and take-off of
aircraft.

Basically, crossing the hold short lines of a

runway you havent been cleared to cross.

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The Triple T ~ Tyras Top Ten

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The Triple T ~ Tyras Top Ten
1. See the Big Picture

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2. Situational Awareness

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3. Speak Clearly

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4. Concise

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5. Copy Clearances

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6. Signs & Markings

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7. Sterile Cockpit

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8. Admit When Lost

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9. Right Frequencies ground, tower, departure

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10. Repeat Clearances

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The Triple T ~ Tyras Top Ten
1. See the Big Picture
2. Situational Awareness
3. Speak Clearly
4. Concise
5. Copy Clearances
6. Signs & Markings
7. Sterile Cockpit
8. Admit When Lost
9. Right Frequencies ground, tower, departure
10. Repeat Clearances

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 Runway Incursion Challenge
58 million landings and
takeoffs last year *

Thousands of runway
crossings per day!

Human error is a certainty

Technology has limitations

Causes Consequences
are global in nature

Source: * FAA Runway Safety Fact Sheet

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Pilots are Very Confident by Nature
and by Culture

Im a professional!
Ive trained hard and long for this!
Ive done it thousands of times!
Im current and very proficient!
What could possibly go wrong???

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 What can you do to reduce
runway incursions?
Plan your surface operations
Employ cockpit discipline
Understand taxi procedures
Make proper use of aircraft lights
Use proper communication techniques
Understand/recognize airport signs and
markings
STAY ALERT Look both ways prior to
crossing any runways!

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 Planning Surface Operations

Pre plan taxi routes at departure and

destination airports
Ensure you have an accurate, up to date
airport diagram available
Review NOTAMs and ATIS for possible
construction impacts rwy/twy closures
Look for hot spots
Jeppesen airport diagrams FAA charts

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 Verify Compass heading to confirm proper
runway taxiway selection.

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 Cockpit Discipline

Minimize distractions during critical phases

Taxi for takeoff is where majority of RIs occur
Delay checklists until off the runway
Recognize when you need to have heads up
Any time the plane is moving but
Especially when approaching a runway or an intersecting taxiway
Write down taxi routes and clearances
From RIIEP 72% of pilots who had incursion DID NOT
Use the airport diagram during taxi
From RIIEP 47% of pilots who had Rwy inc DID NOT
Verbalize critical instructions to other crew members
Hold Short or Crossing instructions

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 Pilot Deviations Whats the Problem?

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 TFR Temporary Flight Restriction
SFRA Special Flight Rules Area
MOA Military Operations Area
ADIZ Air Defense Identification Zone
Prohibited From the surface to defined limit
Alert Informs of a high volume of aerial
activity
Warning Areas 3 NM beyond the US coast,
possible hazardous activity
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Lack of Preparation

Always have your Airport Diagram with you

Print them off @ naco.faa.gov Free Digital
Products
Write all over them, take notes, circle FBOs,
Highlight taxi routes
Before you call Ground, you should have
already identified 1 or 2 of the most likely
taxi routes. If you cant point to your entire
route on the airport out the window, youre
not ready to call Ground yet
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 Clear Left? Clear Right? Cleared
to Cross?
When youre approaching a Runway, verify a
few things
100 yards away, not 10, from the Runway hold
lines, begin to look out for yourself
Clear left by looking left, dont just say it
Clear right by looking right, dont just say it
Cleared to cross by confirming with your
notes or Ground Control
Or Holding Short
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Ask for a Progressive Taxi

If a couple of clarifications arent enough to

remove all doubt of a perfect taxi, get the
Progressive
Ignore the condescending speech, use the
help

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 SITUATIONAL AWARENESS WILL SAVE YOUR LIFE!

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 Take the Taxi as seriously as the
flight
Think about it
Its easier to measure your mistakes when on the
airport surface vs. in the air
There are as many, if not more, opportunities to
violate a regulation on the ground as in the air
There are dramatically more collision hazards
packed into this little space at any given time
when compared to in flight operationsairports
are the center of flight activity

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 Sterile Cockpit during taxi

Professional cockpits allow NO non-essential

communication when the aircraft is below
10,000 MSL
For us in General Aviation airplanes, maintain
a sterile cockpit from engine start until
completing the cruise checklist. Then resume
from beginning the before landing checklist
until engine shut down.
Do not allow external distractions to cause a
mistake or oversight on the airport surface.
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 The perfect passenger?

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 FAASTeam CFI Workshop 8
Module 8, Core Topic #15

Questions?

Comments?

Ideas?

Quiz time ~

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 1. The before take-off checklist should be completed while
taxing.
a. True
b. False

2. At a controlled airport, if you are unsure of where to taxi

after landing, you should
a. Consult your taxi chart
b. Ask ATC
c. Ask you co-pilot or passenger
d. Taxi around until you find your destination on the
airport.

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 3. True or False; As of June 2010, Runway Incursions are
on a downward trend.

4. Should the pilot read-back all takeoff and landing

clearances, including the runway designator??

5. Only read-back an ATC clearance when on an IFR

flight plan. True or False?

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6. Which of the following areas are major contributors to
Pilot Deviations in general?
a. Communications
b. Airport Knowledge
c. Cockpit procedures for maintaining orientation
d. Distraction
e. All of the above

Answers Follow

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 1. The before take-off checklist should be completed while
taxing.
a. True
b. False
b. False - Airplane Flying Handbook
2. At a controlled airport, if you are unsure of where to taxi
after landing, you should
a. Consult your taxi chart
b. Ask ATC
c. Ask you co-pilot or passenger
d. Taxi around until you find your destination on the
airport.
b. Ask ATC - Airplane Flying Handbook

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 3. True or False; As of June 2010, Runway Incursions are
on a downward trend.
True, RIs so far during FY 2010 have decreased
slightly - Office of Runway Safety; FAA.
4. Should the pilot read-back all takeoff and landing
clearances, including the runway designator??
YES FAA, Office of Runway Safety.
5. Only read-back an ATC clearance when on an IFR
flight plan. True or False?
False AIM, Section 5 and Airplane Flying
Handbook

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 6. Which of the following areas are major contributors to
Pilot Deviations in general?
a. Communications
b. Airport Knowledge
c. Cockpit procedures for maintaining orientation
d. Distraction
e. All of the above
e. All of the above - Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-
H-8083-3A) page 1-5

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 FAASTeam CFI Workshop #6

Take a 5 minute Break!

When we return:
Reading between the lines and saying what
ATC wants you to say.
Would you like a Special with that?

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 This Completes CFI Workshop Module 8

AND
The First CFI Workshop Series
CONGRATULATIONS!

Be sure to have your attendance record validated!

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Stick-n-Rudder Federal Aviation
Administration

Flight Training, LLC

Flight training begins on the
ground, not in the air.

Tyra Cerny, CFI, AGI, IGI

Scott Johnson, CFI, AGI
www.sticknrudder.com

Presented to: Instructors and Pilot Examiners

By: The FAASTeam
Date: July 1 to September 30, 2010