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GEOCHEMISTRY II

NATURAL ISOTOPES AND TRACER


TECNIQUES IN GEOTHERMAL
LIGHT ELEMENTS IN HYDROLOGY GEOTHERMAL STUDY

In Geothermal System :

At Exploration, Development and


Exploitation Stages

Most commonly used isotopes

Hydrogen (1H, 2H =D, 3H (TRITIUM))


Oxygen (18O, 16O)
Sulphur (32S, 34S)
Carbon (12C, 13C, 14C)
Helium (3He, 4He)
ISOTOPES OF HIDROGEN AND OXYGEN
Water Isotope Molecule :

H2 16O : H218O : H2H16O


Ratio Population : 999768 : 32 : 200

Ratio Measurement : - R18O = H218O / H2 16O = 18O / 16O


- R D = H2H16O / H2 16O = 2H / 1H = D/H

Instrumentation : Mass Spectrometer


Sample Treatment :

H218O + C 16O2 ===== H216O + C16O 18O

Molucular weight: 44 , 45, 46


R = 45/44 = 13C/12C
Sample Gas CO2
R = 46/44 = 18O/16O
(D/H)sample- (D/H)standard
D = ----------------------------------- x 103
(D/H)standard

(18O/16O)sample- (18O/16O)standard
18O = -------------------------------------------- x 103
(18O/16O)standard

= [ Rsample /R smow - 1 ] x 1000

= Relative Isotope Ratio in

Standard = Standard Mean Ocean Water


= SMOW , 18O smow = 0.0
D smow = 0.0
The (delta notation)
= [(Rsamp Rstd) / Rstd] x 1000

same as Units are per mil


= [(Rsamp / Rstd) -1] x 1000

Again R is the ratio of the heavy to light isotope, and measured with a
mass spectrometer.
PeeDee Belemnite
Rstd is element specific

Ta ble 6-7. Sta ble isoto pe ratios for stan dards*

Element Standard Ratio


SMOW 2
Hydrogen V-SM OW H/1H = 155.76 x 10 -6

Carbo n PDB 13
C/1 2C = 1123.7 5 x 10 -5 http://www.blackriverfossils.org/FlorenceCounty/tabi
d/53/TripReports/753/Default.aspx
18
O xygen V-SM OW O/1 6O = 2005.2 x 10 -6
18
FeS from Canyon Diablo Meteorite
PDB O/1 6O = 2067.2 x 10 -6
http://www.sustainablesushi.net/t
ag/greenpeace/ 15
Nitrogen NBS-14 N/1 4N = 367.6 x 10 -5
34
Sulfur CDT S/32 S = 449.94 x 10 -4
*
Data fro m Kyser (1987).

http://meteorites.wustl.edu/id/metal.htm
Flying Belemnite: http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/dinosaur-stampede/lark-quarry/environment-print.html
O2 Low 18O/16O 16O selectively in headspace
ratio

High18O/16O
O2 ratio

Equilibrium fractionation

Returns to the atmosphere


and leaves the system.

12C selectively reacted


CaCO3 CO2
High 13C/12C

ratio
Low 13C/12C
ratio

Kinetic Fractionation
Isotope Fractionation and Enrichment
Evaporation &condensation processes

Water Isotope molecular


H2 16O( L) H2 18O(V ) H2 18O( L) H2 16O(V )
Physical properties
H216O H218O H2H16O ( H 2 18O) L ( H 2 16O)V
K
Viskosity at 20oC (cp) 1.0 1.1248 1.0564 ( H 2 16O) L ( H 2 18O)V
Density (gr/mL) at 30oC 1.00 - 1.104945 18O
16 molekul cair
K 18 L
O
Boiling point (oC) 100 100.738 100.14
O
= RL/RV
16 molekul uap
Freezing point (oC) 0 - 0.28 O V

evaporation 1000 L
L-V L LV
V 1000 V
L V L-V = ( L - V) = L-V = 1000 ln L-V
condensation
L-V = fractination factor

L-V = ( L-V - 1) x 1000 Majoube(1971) 18O & D as a function of the temp :

L-V = Enrichment factor


Isotope In Cyclus Hydrology
ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN THE
HYDROSPHERE
Evaporation of surface water in equatorial regions causes
formation of air masses with H2O vapor depleted in 18O and D
compared to seawater.
This moist air is forced into more northerly, cooler air in the
northern hemisphere, where water condenses, and this
condensate is enriched in 18O and D compared to the
remaining vapor.
The relationship between the isotopic composition of liquid and
vapor is:
18Ol vl 18Ov 103 103
Assuming that 18Ov = -13.1 and vl(O) = 1.0092 at
25C, then
Ol 1.0092 13.1 10 10 4.0 0 00
18 3 3

and assuming Dv = -94.8 and vl(H) = 1.074 at 25C,


then
Dl 1.074 94.8 103 103 27.8 0 00
These equations give the isotopic composition of the first
bit of precipitation. As 18O and D are removed from the
vapor, the remaining vapor becomes more and more
depleted.
Thus, 18O and D values become increasingly negative
with increasing geographic latititude (and altitude.
Meteoric Water Line
Empirically is determined
As Global Meteoric line :
2H = (8,17 0,08) 18O + (10,56 0,64)
Meteoric Local Line :
2H = 8 18O + B

B is deterium excess

Some of Geographycal factor


influence the Isotope value :
CONDENSATION OF
- Latitude RAIN WATER TEMPERATURE
- Altitude
- Rainfall
- Inland

AVAREGE = 8.06
ESTIMATION OF RECHARGE AREA

Based on :
- Relationship between isotope concentration
meteoric water and Altitude (Elevasion)
- In groundwater system isotope 18O and D not
absorbed by rock during infiltration & recharge
- In geothermal system (high temperature) only
18O isotope will experience isotope exchange

reaction with rock whereas D isotope


concentration not change
Method :
- Install of 4 or 5 rain gauge and rain water
collector at different elevasion, with min 300
m diff elev
- Collected rain water and rain gauge monthly
during a year
Interpretation :
- calculated weight mean isotop for each
station :

- make linier line of the meteoric local


- Estimated linier relationship between Isotope value Vs
Elevasion
Recharge Area Dieng geothermal field :
For Dieng :
2500 2500

2000 y= 2000 O-18 = - 0.294 / 100 m


-3 y=
38 -43
.7 .2 2
5x 2x
Elevasi (m)

D = - 2,3 / 100 m
1500 -1 1500 - 66
37 5 .9
9.5 9

1000 1000

500 500

0 0
-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30

O-18 deuterium

Following Payne & Yurtsever (1974) and Fontes (1976) Elevasi vs O-18

Range of the O-18 & D depletion for 100 m high elevation is : -6

-0,15 to -0,6 and -1 to -4 respectively -6,5

-7

O-18 (o/oo)
O18 = -0.0014E - 5.5217
R2 = 0.9125
-7,5

Elevasi vs D
-8
-30

-32

-34 -8,5
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
-36
elevasi (m)
D (o/oo)

-38

-40
D = -0.0107E - 28.734
2
R = 0.8193
-42

-44

-46

-48
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
elevasi (m )
Casus study in Banten Geothermal Area
Code
station Location Elevasion (m) 18O 2H

RG-5 Sumur bor Aqua 113 -4.75 -24.09


RG-7 Gn. Sumbul 570 -7.39 -46.70
RG-6 Kuluklegeut 350 -6.16 -36.24
RG-9 Gn. Parakasak 760 -9.56 -62.32
RG-8 Gn. Karang 1030 -11.93 -81.59

Recharge Area

Meteoric Local Line


ISOTOPE STUDIES IN GEOTHERMAL
SYSTEMS

Geothermal Fluids
Sources
Source of fluids (meteoric, magmatic, ..)
Physico-chemical processes affecting the fluid composition
Water-rock interaction
Evaporation
Condensation
Source of components in fluids (mantle, crust,..)

Ages
(time between recharge-discharge, recharge-sampling)
Temperatures (Geothermometry Applications)
Origin of Geothermal Fluids
Craig 1963 proved that most of geothermal fluid
is meteoric Origin
Giggenbach Introduced Andesitic water that
possible
mix with the geothermal fluid
Geothermal fluid is possible mix with sea water
or connate water
Origin of Geothermal Fluid
Komposisi Isotop natural resources

Jenis Batuan Nilai 18O (o/oo) Nilai 2H (o/oo)

Basalt segar + 5,5 s/d + 6,5 -50 s/d - 80

Diorite dan Andesite + 7,4 -50 s/d -80

Granit > + 13 -50 s/d -80

Primary water + 5 to + 10 -50 to -85

magma

Andesitic water + 103 - 20 10

Sea water 0 0
MORB = Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt
Monitoring Studies in
Geothermal Exploitation
Aquifers recharged by Any increase in D - 18O values
precipitation from lower
altitutes higher D - due to sudden pressure drop
18O in production wells
Aquifers recharged by
recharge from (other)
precipitation from higher
altitutes lower D - 18O aquifers fed by precipitation
from lower altitutes
Boiling and vapor
separation subsurface boiling and
D 18O in residual vapour separation
liquid
Recharge Area
Mixing and Recharge geothermal
Isotope Fractionation in Geothermal
System

D ( D +1000)
S = -----------------
O18 ( O18 +1000)

At temp 220 oC :
D in Liquid = D in vapor

At temp > 220 oC


D in liquid < D in vapor
Isotope Mass balance and reduction

Isotope samples from Hot spring and


down hole are used as is and do not
require any re-calculation
On the other hand weir box and weber
separator samples (spw and scs) need to
be recalculated to total discharge
composition to find initial composition
prior to fractioanation
Recalculation
TD = (1-y)L + y V

TD = L - y (L - V )

TD = L - y 103 ln L-V

In High enthalpy where there is excess steam in the


discharge,TD does not reflect reservoir composition

Res = TD + y 103 ln L-V at T SIO2


Isotope Evaporation in Goethermal Fluids (single step
separation )

Liquid Vapor Isotope L = r + [( y ) 103 ln ]


Exchange :
V = r + [( 1 - y ) 103 ln ]

Suhu Fraksi 18O ( 2H ( o/oo )

(o C) Uap (y) o/
oo )
0,10 - 2,93 -22,05
200 0,25 -2,56 -21,53
5 0,50 -1,94 -20,53
0
0,75 -1,32 -19,78
-5
0,10 -2,59 -19,00
-10
D (permil)

-15
220 0,25 -2,28 -18,98
-20 0,50 -1,75 -18,98
-25 0,75 -1,23 -18,93
-30
0,10 -2,29 -16,92
-35
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 240 0,25 -2,03 -17,25
O-18 (permil)
0,50 -1,59 -17,80
0,75 -1,14 -18,35
Isotope O-18 and D for Monitoring reservoir
1992 1998

Kamojang field
Larderello field
Water Rock Interaction

T
H2 16O + Si18O2 ===== H218O + Si16O2

Parameters dependence :
-Temperature
-Type rock
-Permeability (w/r)
-fluida
W/R calculation Usefull to determine w/r :
W i H2O + R i SiO2 ===== W f H2O + R f SiO2
f rock - i rock
W/R = ---------------------------------
i H2O - (f rock - )

w = wf - wi
r = rf - ri

P = w - r = ri - rf + wi - wf

r-w = rf - wf

P = ri - wi + r-w

= 2,68 x ( 106 / T2 ) - 3,53

w/ r = () = 1,3 ln ( P / wn )
Study casus : Reinjection Effect in reservoir

WAYANG WINDU FIELD


LARDERELLO FIELD

0 SMOW Liquid-Vapor Fractionation


SMOW
Cond Inj (WWF-3)
Andesitic Water
-10 Deep Primary Mamatic Water
Magmatic Vapor
Meteoric Water Line
Andesitic Water meteoric water
-20
Burung
Wayang
Windu
-30
MBD-1RD
MBD-2
MBD-3
-40
D MBD-4
Br Inj (WWF-1)
MBD-5
MBE-2
-50 MBE-3
WWA-2
WWA-4
-60 Deep Primary Magmatic WWQ-1
Water WWQ-2
WWQ-3RD
-70 WWQ-4
WWQ-5

-80
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
18O
Geothermometry Applications

Isotope Fractionation Temperature Dependent


Stable isotope compositions
utilized in Reservoir Temperature estimation
Isotope geothermometers
Based on: isotope exchange reactions between phases in natural
systems
(phases: watre-gas, vapor-gas, water-mineral.....)
Assumes: reaction is at equilibrium at reservoir conditions
Isotope Geothermometers

12CO + 13CH4 = 13CO2 + 12CH4 (CO2 gas - methane gas)


2

CH3D + H2O = HDO + CH4 (methane gas water vapor)

HD + H2O = H2 + HDO (H2 gas water vapor)

S16O4 + H218O = S18O4 + H216O (dissolved sulphate-water)


1000 ln (SO4 H2O) = 2.88 x 106/T2 4.1
(T = degree Kelvin = K )
Hasil Analisis O-18 dan Deuterium
Lapangan Kamojang

Sampel SMOW O-18 CO2 PDB O-18 CO2 SMOW O-18 H2O Alpha CO2 - H2O 1000 ln a T aktual

ID 92/93 2000 92/93 2000 92/93 2000 (oC)

11 13.3 9.04 -27.0109 -31.1015 -7 -7.3 1.01845 18.28

12 7.9 -32.1961 -7.1

14 6.33 11.6 -33.7037 -28.6433 -7.4 -7 1.01873 18.56 220.44

17 12.69 13.01 -27.5967 -27.2894 -7.1 -6.8 1.01994 19.74 235.24

18 10.4 -29.7956 -7.2 -6.8 1.01732 17.17 230.28

20 12.17 -28.0960 -6.7 1.01900 18.82 235.47

26 7.58 15.8 -32.5034 -24.6104 -7.4 -7.7 1.01939 19.20 237.01

27 7.9 9.46 -32.1961 -30.6982 -7.8 -7.8 1.01661 16.47 225.73

28 12.89 9.46 -27.4046 -30.6982 -8.2 -9.2 1.02005 19.85 223.33

30 11.6 12.06 -28.6433 -28.2016 -7.9 -8 1.01994 19.74 220.02

31 8.36 8.31 -31.7544 -31.8024 -7 -7.3 1.01560 15.48 222.93

33 8.83 -31.3031 -7.4 1.01635 16.22 206.05

34 13.5 10.7 -26.8189 -29.5075 -8.1 1.01895 18.78 223.03

36 7.3 9.67 -32.7722 -30.4965 -6.3 -6.4 1.01617 16.04 235.83

37 11.7 -28.5473 -6.7 -5.3 1.01709 16.95 232.70

38 9.04 -31.1015 -7.2 -7.2 1.01636 16.23 232.20

40 10.9 7.58 -29.3155 -32.5034 -8.2 -7.9 1.01926 19.07 217.84

41 7.58 13.31 -32.5034 -27.0013 -5.6 -5.1 1.01850 18.34 239.54

42 8.72 -31.4087 -8.2 1.01706 16.92 242.73

44 11.02 -29.2002 -6.5 -6.9 1.01763 17.48 232.10

45 8.57 8.94 -31.5528 -31.1975 -7 -5 1.01568 15.56 235.08

46 7.58 -32.5034 -6.7 -7.4 1.01438 14.27 240.63

51 11.85 -28.4033 -5.3 -8.2 1.01724 17.09 240.68

52 8.94 9.6 -31.1975 -30.5637 1.00894


Grafik Hubungan Alpha dan Temperatur (Geotermometer)
Lapangan Kamojang

30. 00

sampel

CO2 - Wv

CO2 - Wl

25. 00
1000 ln a

20. 00

15. 00

10. 00

150. 00 200. 00 250. 00 300. 00

Tem peratur ('C)


Natural Tritium Isotope

Natural Tritium Production :


- In Atmosfer through interaction cosmic ray
with atmosferic componen :

14N + 1no -------- 3H + 12C


7 1 6

- Half life : 12 .43 year


- Compound in Meteoric : H3HO or HTO
- Radioactifity : radiation
- Unit : TU (Tritium Unit )

1 TU = 0.118 Bq/L of water (3.19 pCi/L

1 Bq/L = 8.47 TU
Tritium Concentration in Meteoric Water

Tritium concentration in meteoric water in Indonesia

No. Tahun Konsentrasi input Konsentrasi tahun 2003


tritium (TU) (TU)
1. 1952 5

2. 1962-1964 105,48 11,97

3. 1965-1970 15,48 2,45

4. 1971-1976 8,45 1,87

5. 1977-1978 5,30 1,31


TRACERS TECHNIQUE
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
ULTIMATE GOAL

Determination of optimum
production conditions to
maximize the heat recovery from
the reservoir under suitable
economic conditions
THROUGH

STEAM FIELD MANAGEMENT


SISTEM REINJEKSI

HOT REINJECTION SYSTEM (Umum nya


dilakukan pada liquid dominated
menggunakan air separator SPW)

COLD REINJECTION SISTEM ( Umumnya


dilakukan pada vapor dominated
menggunakan air kondensasi dari turbin)
MANFAAT SISTEM REINJEKSI
LAPANGAN PANASBUMI

- Untuk pembuangan limbah fluida


- Untuk menghindari penurunan tekanan dan
mengekstrak lebih banyak panas dari batuan reservoir,
meningkatkan potensi produksi
- Meningkatkan efisiensi dan usia hidup lapangan
panasbumi, menyokong sustainability
- Menjadi bagian integral dari pengelolaan lapangan
panasbumi yang sustainable

RENEWABLE RESOURCES OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM


SYARAT SISTEM REINJEKSI
a. Bagian reservoir produksi uap yang akan direinjeksi dengan air harus
bersifat superheated atau mempunyai tekanan uap rendah tapi
suhu formasi tinggi.

b. Sumur reinjeksi harus tidak berada pada daerah imbuh reservoir atau
tidak akan terjadi aliran langsung dan cepat dari daerah imbuh ke dalam
sistem reservoir.

c Fomasi fracture yang akan dinjeksikan oleh air harus mempunyai luas
permukaan yang cukup besar agar terjadi pertukaran panas yang efisien
atau membiarkan air reinjeksi melalui vertical fracture segera turun
kebagian reservoir yang lebih dalam untuk proses pendidihan.

d Titik masuk sumur reinjeksi (feed points) harus lebih dalam dibandingkan
dengan sumur produksi agar air reinjeksi tidak langsung menerobos
masuk kedalam zona produksi.

e. Letak lokasi sumur reinjeksi harus berada cukup jauh dari zona produksi
untuk mencegah terobosan langsung.
TRACER TEST
A tracer is an identifiable substance that can be followed through the
course of a process

Tracers
- Radioactive tracers: NaI, NH4Br, I131, Br82, H3
- Chemical tracers: NaCl, CaCl2,
- Organic Dyes: Fluoresceine, Rhodamine-B, Methylene Blue
- Conventioanl tracers are identified by conventional
analytical methods such as conductometry or spectrometry
- Radioactive tracers are detected by the emitted radiation
Push-pull tracer experimental concept
EFEK REINJEKSI TERHADAP PRODUKSI
Problems associated with injection:
Peningkatan operational cost di awal (tetapi ekonomis dalam
jangka panjang)
Kemungkinan cooling sumur produksi (thermal breakthrough).
Scaling pada peralatan dan sumur reinjeksi
Sulit untuk injeksi ke dalam sandstone reservoir
Temperature decline in well PN-26 in the Palinpinon field,
Philippines. From Malate and Sullivan (1991).
Pemilihan sumur reinjeksi
1. Cooling dapat diminimalisir dengan
menempatkan sumur injeksi sejauh mungkin
dari sumur produksi
2. Manfaat maksimal dengan menempatkan
sumur injeksi dekat dengan sumur produksi
Harus ada keseimbangan antara poin 1 dan
2
Penelitian dan perencanaan yang tepat
sangat dibutuhkan untuk program injeksi
TRACER TEST OBJECTIVES

1. POWERFULL TOOL TO STUDYING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN INJECTION


AND PRODUCTION WELLS

2. FLOW PATH STUDY AND ROCK PERMEABILITY ( CHANNELING,


BARRIERS OR FRACTURES) IN GEOTHEMAL RESERVOIR

3. TIME BREAKTHROUGH AND WATER INJECTION RECOVERY

4. WATER REINJECTION EFFECT TO FLUIDS PRODUCTION AND


CALCULATED COOLING PREDICTION IN GEOTHERMAL APPLICATION
TRACER TEST:
Telah banyak digunakan di berbagai
lapangan panasbumi
Interpretasi yang komprehensif maupun
modeling hasil tracer test masih sangat
terbatas
Interpretasi kualitatif lebih sering
ketimbang kuantitatif
PERSYARATAN ZAT TRACER
Zat tersebut harus mempunyai sifat dan bertingkah laku
Sesuai dengan sifat dan tingkah laku dari sistem yang
diselidiki.

Dalam konsentrasi yang rendah zat tersebut harus mudah


dideteksi atau diukur

Selama berada di dalam sistem perunut tidak mengalami


perubahan fisik atau terserap oleh matrik dari sistem

Zat tracer dapat berupa zat kimia, warna dan radioaktif


KELEBIHAN RADIOTRACER
1. Sangat mudah dideteksi dengan sensitifitas yang tinggi.
2. Mempunyai sifat emisi radiasi yang sangat spesifik yang tidak
dapat dipengaruhi oleh interferensi material lain dalam sistem baik
secara kimia maupun fisik (suhu dan tekanan).
3. Sifat radiasi dapat diukur secara in situ, sehingga sistim dapat
diamati secara langsung.
4. Dibutuhkan dalam jumlah kuantitas yang kecil sehingga tidak mengganggu
sifat dan karakteristik zat yang dipelajari.
5. Sifat peluruhan radioaktif dengan waktu paruh sangat menguntungkan
dari segi keselamatan karena perunut tersebut akan meluruh dengan
sendiri nya sesuai fungsi waktu sehingga keberadaannya akan dapat diabaikan
6. Dapat dibuat dalam berbagai senyawaan kimia yang cocok dengan sistem
yang dipelajari.
7. Dua atau tiga perunut zat radioaktif dapat digunakan bersamaan,
karena masing-masing zat radioaktif tersebut mempunyai energi yang spesifik
dan dapat diukur/dibedakan menggunakan alat analisis saluran ganda
(Multy Channel Analyser).
TRACER SELECTION FOR GEOTHERMAL

TRACER COMPOUND DETECTION RADIATION & RESERVOIR


LIMIT HALF LIFE

ISOTOPE H-3 ( HTO ) 1.5 - 2 Bq/L & 12.32 y Liquid and vapor
I-131 ( KI ) & 8.4 d Liquid dominated
I-125 ( KI ) 0.05 Bq/L & 60 d Liquid dominated
Xe-133 0.0002 Bq/L & 5,2 d Vapor dominated

Dye FLOUROCENCE NON Liquid dominated


RODHAMIN-B RADIATION
wt

ZAT ALKOHOL NON RADIASI Liquid and Vapor


KIMIA SF6 10-12 L/L Vapor dominated
CFC 10-9 L/L Vapo dominated
NDS Liquid dominated
Tracer candidates (soluble)

traced water molecules (HTO, D and 18O less suitable)

fluorescent dyes (e.g. Uranine)

food dyes / additives (e.g. Tartracine, E...)

Naphthaline-Sulphonates (z.B. 1,5-NDS)

sulphonated Naphthalene
Formaldehyde condensates (SNFC)
TRACER TEST DESIGN

1. Tracer Selection
- Should not be in reservoir (very low concentration)
- Should not react or absorb
- Easy to analysis

2. The amount of Tracer Injection


- Backgroud
- Injection rate
- Production rate and how many wells involve
- Return rate anticipation
- Detection limit and half life

3. Sampling Program
SUGGESTED SAMPLING FREQUENCY
(OFTEN APPLICABLE):

Week 1: 2 samples per well per day


Week 2: 1 sample per well per day
Weeks 3-8: 3 samples per well per week
Following weeks: 1 sample per well per week

Always case-specific, however


Typical fast and slow tracer return profiles, indicating
different plans required for sampling frequency.
RADIOTRACER UNIT

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq = 37 GBq

1 Bq = 1 dps = 60 dpm (dps = disintergration per second)

1 Ci = 2.22 1012 dpm

Cpm = f x dpm ( Cpm = Count per minute )

1 Bq/Kg = 8.4 TU (Tritium Unit)

TRACER INJECTION CALCULATION

Pore Volume (Vp) = x R2 x h x

Detection Limit (DL) of Tracer (for tritium) = 1 TU = 0.118 Bq/Kg

Maximum Permissibility concentration for Tritium = 10,000 TU

Tracer Activity (Ci) = { Pore volume x ( 10 to 100 DL) } / 37 GBq

Activity Minimum = Vp x DL , Activity Maximum = Vp x Vp


TRACER RECOVERY

ACTIVITY TRACER IN PRODUCTION WELLS (Ct)


RECOVERY FACTOR = -------------------------------------------------------------
ACTIVITY TRACER AT INJECTION (Ci)

(Cpm) x Qp x tb x 60
Ct = ------------------------------------
Ws x f

Qp = Fluid production
Cpm = Count perminute sample
tb = Time breakthrough
Ws = Weigh of sample
f = Efficiency factor
TRACER TEST EXECUTION
(CONTINUED):
Methods of interpretation discussed later, but some
aspects may be observed directly:
1) Tracer breakthrough-time, reflecting maximum
fluid velocity
2) Time of concentration maximum, reflecting
average fluid velocity.
3) Width of tracer pulse, reflecting flow-path
dispersion.
4) Tracer recovery as a function of time:
t

MR(t) = 0 C(s)Q(s)ds
SYSTEM REINJECTION IN KAMOJANG FIELD

Production wells
Production wells Injection well
K M J 30
K M J 27 K M J 11/ 18 K M J 17
K M J 26 K M J 15 K M J 14

1500 asl

r14 =959.1m
r11=838.3 m
r30 =1023.3 m r18 =925.5 m
r26 =1141.3 m
r27 =1272.4 m
r17 =1030.3 m
GAS TRACER INJECTION SYSTEM

WELL HEAD IN NEGATIVE PRESSURE

v1
Freon flowing

Gas Freon Tube


v2
Side valve
LIQUID TRACER INJECTION SYSTEM

WELL HEAD IN NEGATIVE PRESSURE

Wash water
tracer V4

V3 Tracer tube
V1 V2

Side valve
CALIBRATION AND ACTIVITY CALCULATION
OF RADIOISOTOPE

RADIOISOTOPE COUNTING

GAMMA COUNTING (MCA) BETA COUNTING (LSC)

COUNT PER-MENUTE (CPM)

DPM = CPM / F

BQ = 60 x CPM / F

Bq / Kg TRITIUM UNIT ( TU )
2. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR TRITIUM OR LIQUID TRACER
TACER TECHNIQUE IN GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM
STUDI KASUS
TRACERS APPLICATION IN KAMOJANG GEOTHERMAL FIELD

Well Tracer Inter- Mass


conection Recovery
KMJ-15 Tritium 10 Ci Proven (KMJ- 13.5%
(1992) 11, 14, 17, 18,
26, 27, 30)
133Xe (1992) Not proven

KMJ-32 Tritium 10 Ci Not proven


(1992) and (KMJ
Alkohol 1200 33,31,37,45
L (1998) and 38)

KMJ-55 FREON 120 Proven in KMJ-


Kg (2003) 24, 36 and 51

KMJ-46 TRITIUM Proven in KMJ- 10 %


17 Ci (2003) 62, 27 & 41

KMJ-21 TRITIUM
20 Ci

KMJ-20 TRITIU
17 Ci
Hasil danPembahasan
Pola arah aliran
KMJ-56

KMJ-51 KMJ-13

KMJ-72
KMJ-24

KMJ-44 KMJ-43
KMJ-67

KMJ-14
KMJ-11

KMJ-17

KMJ-18
Grafik monitoring
120

KMJ-14 KMJ-17

100 KMJ-18 KMJ-59

KMJ-67

80
TU

60

40

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

hari
Hasil dan Pembahasan
Grafik
1400
KM J-11 KM J-14
KM J-17 KM J-18
1200 KM J-24 KM J-43
KM J-44 KM J-51
KM J-56 KM J-67
1000
KM J-72

800
konsentrasi tritium (TU)

600

400

200

0
04/28/07 06/17/07 08/06/07 09/25/07 11/14/07 01/03/08

w aktu pengam atan


Hasil
Peta struktur lapangan KMJ (Robert, 1988) dan perkiraan arah aliran fluida
Flow Path Mechanism of Trace/Water Injection into
Production Wells
702.000 mT 704.000 mT

LHD-2
800
142.000 mU

780
820 900
BA TBPP 880
740
F3 860
TBPP 840
800 840
760 F2 860

F5
900
N 880
LEGEND:
780
T PP
880 F4
80 860
BA Batuan Alterasi
0
BA 840
LHD-7
BA BA 820 BHL Breksi Hidrothermal LINAU
760 BA BA F6 LHD-5 0
740 BA LHD-1 90 BHP Breksi Hidrothermal
680 LABT

920
BA LAHENDONG PANGOLOMBIAN

940
BA BA 0
720 96
660 700 1000 LAK
98
0 Lava Andesit KASURATAN
740 BA N
BA 760 LABT Lava Andesit Basaltik TAMPUSU
BA PANGALOMBIAN
T DANAU
BA LINAU G. TAMPUSU PP Piroklastik PANGALOMBIAN
BA
11
140.000 mU

700 00 TBPP Tufa Berlapis PRA- PANGALOMBIAN


780
BA BA
PP
BA LAL Lava Andesit LENGKOAN
LEILEM BHP
BHL BA
TBPP
F7
Patahan dari Photo Udara
LHD-16 BA BA LABT
10
00

PP Rim Caldera dan Crater dari


LHD-13 G. KASURATAN
Photo Udara
920
90

TONDANGOW
940
0

TAMPUSU Circular Feature


800 0 960 LHD-14 LHD-9 LHD-10
LAK
82 980
LAL F8 LHD-8 F1
840 BA 960 920 LHD-6 250 - Modern
Crater kecil Recnt
980 LHD-15 900
LHD-4 BA 940
860 LHD-12 880 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Km
LHD-11 LHD-8
138.000 mU

920
880 860
900 N
T PP LHD-11
G. LENGKOAN

Tritium concentration (TU)


KASURATAN 200lhdbrek/3/ben/C LHD-12
LHD-15
LHD-10
150

100

50

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Days after injection
Tracer test in Sibatyak geothermal field

4500

4000 S B Y-5
S B Y-6
3500
S B Y-8
3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
7 /1 /0 8 7 /1 1 /0 8 7 /2 1 /0 8 7 /3 1 /0 8 8 /1 0 /0 8 8 /2 0 /0 8 8 /3 0 /0 8 9 /9 /0 8 9 /1 9 /0 8
PROGRAM TRINV DAN ANDURIL 2.3

------------------------------- Model Settings -------------------------------

N , Number of tracer pulses.........................: 1


M , Total injected mass of tracer (kg)..............: .313000E+13
Q , Production rate (kg/s)..........................: 20.0000
q , Injection rate (kg/s)...........................: 15.0000
rl, .
Density of water in lab (kg/m3).................: 998.300
rr, Density of water in reservoir (kg/m3)...........: 950.000
Concentration unit (kg/m3 or kg/kg).............: kg/m3
Model viewpoint (N/P/S).........................: Size

P View / Adjust pulse parameters (DEF)


A Adjust settings
Q Quit - Return to Central Menu
Selection :a
TRITIUM SIMULATION CURVE OF GAUSS DISTRIBUTION FROM
KMJ-11 WELL USING CURVE EXPERT 1.3 PROGRAM
TIME BREAKTHROUGH CURVE OF KMJ-11 WELL USING
TRINV PROGRAM MODEL
INPUT DATA FOR TRINV PROGRAM PROCESSES ON KMJ-11,14,17 dan 18

No. Input Data Production Wells


KMJ 11 KMJ 14 KMJ 17 KMJ 18
1 Tracer Activity 3,13 x 1012 3,13 x 1012 3,13 x 1012 3,13 x 1012
, M,(TU)
2 Production 20,0 13,4 15,3 28,9
Rate, Q ,(kg/sec)
3 Injection 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0
Rate, q, (kg/sec)
4 Waterreinjection Density 998,0 998,0 998,0 998,0
,rl,(kg/m3)
5 Resvoir fluids 950,0 950,0 950,0 950,0
density,rr, (kg/m3)
6 Flowpath Distance 838,3 959,1 1030,3 925,0
between Reinjection and
Production wells, x
,(m)
7 Max. concentration c, 33600 22500 16700 28900
(TU/m3)
8 Max. Time ,t ,(sec) 1,73 x 108 1,89 x 108 2,05 x 108 1,89 x 108

9 Top half width 9,5 x 107 1,2 x 108 9,8 x 108 1,40 x 108
,w, (sec)
OUTPUT DATA TRINV PROGRAM PROCESSES ON
KMJ-11, 14,17 dan 18

Ouput Data Production Wells


KMJ 11 KMJ 14 KMJ 17 KMJ 18

Mass Recovery, Mr, 2.20 1,25 0,86 4,04


(%)
Flow rate, u , (m/s) 4,72x10-6 4,90x10-6 4,92x10-6 4,67x10-6
Dispersion Coefisien, 1,06x10-4 1,67x10-4 1,03x10-4 2,07x10-4
D, (m2/s)
Maximum 33,65 22,51 16,73 28,93
Concentration ,c,
(TU)
Time Breakthrough, t, 1,735x108 1,892x108 2,05x108 1,892x108
(sec)
Dispersivity, (m) 22,37 34,00 20,93 44,28
PROGRAM TRCOOL : BEST FITTING PRAMETERS FOR RESERVOIR
EVALUATION AT THE FLOWRATE 15 KG/DET

Parameter Best Fitting Sumur Produksi


KMJ11 KMJ14 KMJ17 KMJ18 KMJ26 KMJ27 KMJ30

Reservoir Initiial temp, T, (oC) (1989) 244,2 230,5 234,6 244,2 244,0 243,0 231,5

Reinjeksi water temp., t (oC) 40 40 40 40 40 40 40


Wells production Flowrate i ,Q, (kg/det) 20,0 13,5 15,3 28,9 16,3 19,4 5,5

Reinjection waterFlowrate , q,(kgdet) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Heat Conduktivity of Reservoir, k, (W/m oC) 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2.5 2.8

Heat Capacity of Reservoir, C,( J/kg oC) 800 800 875 800 800 800 1000

Rock Density of Reservoir, R, (kg/m3) 2600 2600 2650 2600 2600 2600 2650

Heat Capasity of water Reinjektion,c,(J/kg oC) 4179 4179 4179 4179 4179 4179 4179

Density of water Reinjektion, r, (kg/m3) 990 990 990 990 990 990 990

838,3 959,5 1030 925,5 1141 1272 1033


Pathway distance ,x (m)
Lebar Zona Fracture,b (m) 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0.01 0.01

Fracture zone heat, H, (m) 732,5 609 733 540 530 470 800

Porosity ,p, (%) 10 5 10 10 10 10 5


Actua Reservoir temp., (1998) 234,6 214,4 231,9 230,3 231,8 232.1 230.3
Reservoir temp. of Simulasi Model (1998) 234,7 214,4 231,7 230,3 231,6 232.3 230.2

Reservoir Temperature Model (2009) 211,9 178,5 214,7 211,2 203,1 208,3 208,3
OPTIMIZATION OF REINJECTION FLOWRATE INFLUENCE TO THE EAST
PRODUCTION WELLS THROUGH TRCOOL PROGRAM MODEL

KMJ-11 KMJ-14

250 245

220

TEMP. (Oc)
225 5 kg/s 5 kg/s
TEMP (Oc)

10 kg/s 195 10 kg/s


200
15 kg/s 170 15 kg/s
175 20 kg/s 145 20 kg/s

150 120
0 60 120 180 240 0 48 96 144 192 240

TIME (MONTH) TIME (MONTH)

KMJ-18
KMJ-17

250
250
225 5 kg/s
TEMP.(oC)
225 5 kg/s
TEMP.(Oc)

10 kg/s
10 kg/s 200
200 15 kg/s
15kg/s
175 20 kg/s
175 20 kg/s
150 150
0 48 96 144 192 240
0 48 96 144 192 240
TIME (MONTH)
TIME (MONTH)
OPTIMIZATION OF REINJECTION FLWORATE INFLUENCE TO THE WEST
PRODUCTION WELLS TROUGH TRCOOL PROGRAM MODEL

KMJ-26 KMJ-27

250 250
5 kg/s 5 kg/s

TEMP (Oc)
TEMP (Oc)

225 225
10 kg/s 10 kg/s
200 200
15 kg/s 15 kg/s
175 175
20 kg/s 20 kg/s
150 150
0 48 96 144 192 240 0 48 96 144 192 240
TIME (MONTH) TIME (MONTH)

KMJ-30

245
OPTIMIZATION FLOWRATE RESULT
220 5 kg/s

TEMP (o C)
-5 Kg/S RESV. TEMP COOLING 0,0 - 0,21 oC 195 10 kg/s
-10 Kg/S RESV.TEMP. COOLING 0,48 - 11,98 oC 170 15 kg/s
145 20 kg/s
-15 Kg/S RESV.TEMP. COOLING 19,9 - 52,0 OC 120
- 20 Kg/S RESV.TEMP. COOLING 31,96 104,33 oC 0 48 96 144 192 240
TIME (MONTH)
BEST FITTING GRAPH FROM TRCOOL PROGRAM MODEL

East KMJ Parameters Best Fitting result at flowrate 15


kg/s
275
-Reservoir conductivity 2,5 2,8 W/m oC
temp.cooling predict

250
225
-Reservoir Heat capacity 800 1000 J/kg oC
200 KMJ 11
175 KMJ 14 -Rock Density 2600 2650 kg/m3
150 KMJ 17
125 KMJ 18
-Fracture zone height 470 800 m
100
0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252
-Rock Porosity 5 10 %
Time cooling prediction (month)

West KMJ

275

250
Temp.cooling predict

225
Temperature different between 200
actual and Model 0 0,2 oC 175
KMJ 26
KMJ 27
150 KMJ 30
125

100
0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252

Tim e Cooling prediction (m onth)


OUTPUT PROGRAM TRINV OUTPUT PROGRAM ANDURIL
x : Distance along flow path (m)....................: 462.500
u : Flow velocity (m/s).............................: .498433E-04
D : Dispersion coefficient (m2/s)...................: .308050E-02
m : Combined mass parameter (kg/m2).................: .631869E+08
A: Cross section (Area * porosity) of path (m2)....: .201884
aL: Dispersivity (m)................................: 61.8037
Mr: Mass recovery (%)...............................: 1.09671
c : Concentration at maximum (kg/m3)................: 109005.
t : Time at concentration maximum (s)...............: .812160E+07
w : Width at half height of concentration peak (s)..: .103680E+08
Hasil danPembahasan
Model KMJ
Parameter KMJ-11 KMJ-14 KMJ-17 KMJ-43 KMJ-44 KMJ-51 KMJ-56

ProgramTRINV:

Jarak sumur (m) 667 833 1278 454 787 676 370

Production rate (kg/s) 19 12.7 14.4 6.46 4.9 22.76 13.8

Flow velocity (m/s): 9.9E-05 1.2E-04 1.9E-04 8.6E-05 1.3E-04 6.1E-05 6.4E-05

Mass recovery (%) 0.18 0.20 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.73 0.23

Program Anduril:

Breakthrough (hari) 7 7 12 6 32 31 7

Mean time (hari) 93 98 107 81 80 120 99

Mean velocity (m/s) 8.31E-05 0.99E-04 1.38E-04 6.53E-05 1.14E-04 6.54E-05 4.33E-05

Recovery (%) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.2

Asumsi injection rate: 15 kg/s


Data production rate diambil dari disertasi S-3 Zainal Abidin, 2004
Jarak antar sumur merupakan jarak proyeksi horisontal
Hasil danPembahasan
KMJ-72

Parameter KMJ-72
KMJ-72
1400
ProgramTRINV:
KM J-72
1200 TRINV
Jarak antar sumur (m) 685
1000
Production rate (kg/s) 14.0
800
Flow velocity (m/s): 6.1E-05

TU
600
Mass recovery (%) 2.01
400

200
Program Anduril:
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Breakthrough (hari) 45
Waktu (hari)
Mean time (hari) 121
Mean velocity (m/s) 6.52E-05 Asumsi injection rate: 15 kg/s
Data production rate diambil dari disertasi S-3 Zainal Abidin, 2004
Recovery (%) 2.0 Jarak antar sumur merupakan jarak proyeksi horisontal

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