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In Geothermal System :
(18O/16O)sample- (18O/16O)standard
18O = -------------------------------------------- x 103
(18O/16O)standard
Again R is the ratio of the heavy to light isotope, and measured with a
mass spectrometer.
PeeDee Belemnite
Rstd is element specific
Carbo n PDB 13
C/1 2C = 1123.7 5 x 10 -5 http://www.blackriverfossils.org/FlorenceCounty/tabi
d/53/TripReports/753/Default.aspx
18
O xygen V-SM OW O/1 6O = 2005.2 x 10 -6
18
FeS from Canyon Diablo Meteorite
PDB O/1 6O = 2067.2 x 10 -6
http://www.sustainablesushi.net/t
ag/greenpeace/ 15
Nitrogen NBS-14 N/1 4N = 367.6 x 10 -5
34
Sulfur CDT S/32 S = 449.94 x 10 -4
*
Data fro m Kyser (1987).
http://meteorites.wustl.edu/id/metal.htm
Flying Belemnite: http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/dinosaur-stampede/lark-quarry/environment-print.html
O2 Low 18O/16O 16O selectively in headspace
ratio
High18O/16O
O2 ratio
Equilibrium fractionation
ratio
Low 13C/12C
ratio
Kinetic Fractionation
Isotope Fractionation and Enrichment
Evaporation &condensation processes
evaporation 1000 L
L-V L LV
V 1000 V
L V L-V = ( L - V) = L-V = 1000 ln L-V
condensation
L-V = fractination factor
B is deterium excess
AVAREGE = 8.06
ESTIMATION OF RECHARGE AREA
Based on :
- Relationship between isotope concentration
meteoric water and Altitude (Elevasion)
- In groundwater system isotope 18O and D not
absorbed by rock during infiltration & recharge
- In geothermal system (high temperature) only
18O isotope will experience isotope exchange
D = - 2,3 / 100 m
1500 -1 1500 - 66
37 5 .9
9.5 9
1000 1000
500 500
0 0
-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30
O-18 deuterium
Following Payne & Yurtsever (1974) and Fontes (1976) Elevasi vs O-18
-7
O-18 (o/oo)
O18 = -0.0014E - 5.5217
R2 = 0.9125
-7,5
Elevasi vs D
-8
-30
-32
-34 -8,5
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
-36
elevasi (m)
D (o/oo)
-38
-40
D = -0.0107E - 28.734
2
R = 0.8193
-42
-44
-46
-48
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
elevasi (m )
Casus study in Banten Geothermal Area
Code
station Location Elevasion (m) 18O 2H
Recharge Area
Geothermal Fluids
Sources
Source of fluids (meteoric, magmatic, ..)
Physico-chemical processes affecting the fluid composition
Water-rock interaction
Evaporation
Condensation
Source of components in fluids (mantle, crust,..)
Ages
(time between recharge-discharge, recharge-sampling)
Temperatures (Geothermometry Applications)
Origin of Geothermal Fluids
Craig 1963 proved that most of geothermal fluid
is meteoric Origin
Giggenbach Introduced Andesitic water that
possible
mix with the geothermal fluid
Geothermal fluid is possible mix with sea water
or connate water
Origin of Geothermal Fluid
Komposisi Isotop natural resources
magma
Sea water 0 0
MORB = Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt
Monitoring Studies in
Geothermal Exploitation
Aquifers recharged by Any increase in D - 18O values
precipitation from lower
altitutes higher D - due to sudden pressure drop
18O in production wells
Aquifers recharged by
recharge from (other)
precipitation from higher
altitutes lower D - 18O aquifers fed by precipitation
from lower altitutes
Boiling and vapor
separation subsurface boiling and
D 18O in residual vapour separation
liquid
Recharge Area
Mixing and Recharge geothermal
Isotope Fractionation in Geothermal
System
D ( D +1000)
S = -----------------
O18 ( O18 +1000)
At temp 220 oC :
D in Liquid = D in vapor
TD = L - y (L - V )
TD = L - y 103 ln L-V
(o C) Uap (y) o/
oo )
0,10 - 2,93 -22,05
200 0,25 -2,56 -21,53
5 0,50 -1,94 -20,53
0
0,75 -1,32 -19,78
-5
0,10 -2,59 -19,00
-10
D (permil)
-15
220 0,25 -2,28 -18,98
-20 0,50 -1,75 -18,98
-25 0,75 -1,23 -18,93
-30
0,10 -2,29 -16,92
-35
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 240 0,25 -2,03 -17,25
O-18 (permil)
0,50 -1,59 -17,80
0,75 -1,14 -18,35
Isotope O-18 and D for Monitoring reservoir
1992 1998
Kamojang field
Larderello field
Water Rock Interaction
T
H2 16O + Si18O2 ===== H218O + Si16O2
Parameters dependence :
-Temperature
-Type rock
-Permeability (w/r)
-fluida
W/R calculation Usefull to determine w/r :
W i H2O + R i SiO2 ===== W f H2O + R f SiO2
f rock - i rock
W/R = ---------------------------------
i H2O - (f rock - )
w = wf - wi
r = rf - ri
P = w - r = ri - rf + wi - wf
r-w = rf - wf
P = ri - wi + r-w
w/ r = () = 1,3 ln ( P / wn )
Study casus : Reinjection Effect in reservoir
-80
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
18O
Geothermometry Applications
1000 ln (SO4 H2O) = 2.88 x 106/T2 4.1
(T = degree Kelvin = K )
Hasil Analisis O-18 dan Deuterium
Lapangan Kamojang
Sampel SMOW O-18 CO2 PDB O-18 CO2 SMOW O-18 H2O Alpha CO2 - H2O 1000 ln a T aktual
30. 00
sampel
CO2 - Wv
CO2 - Wl
25. 00
1000 ln a
20. 00
15. 00
10. 00
1 Bq/L = 8.47 TU
Tritium Concentration in Meteoric Water
Determination of optimum
production conditions to
maximize the heat recovery from
the reservoir under suitable
economic conditions
THROUGH
b. Sumur reinjeksi harus tidak berada pada daerah imbuh reservoir atau
tidak akan terjadi aliran langsung dan cepat dari daerah imbuh ke dalam
sistem reservoir.
c Fomasi fracture yang akan dinjeksikan oleh air harus mempunyai luas
permukaan yang cukup besar agar terjadi pertukaran panas yang efisien
atau membiarkan air reinjeksi melalui vertical fracture segera turun
kebagian reservoir yang lebih dalam untuk proses pendidihan.
d Titik masuk sumur reinjeksi (feed points) harus lebih dalam dibandingkan
dengan sumur produksi agar air reinjeksi tidak langsung menerobos
masuk kedalam zona produksi.
e. Letak lokasi sumur reinjeksi harus berada cukup jauh dari zona produksi
untuk mencegah terobosan langsung.
TRACER TEST
A tracer is an identifiable substance that can be followed through the
course of a process
Tracers
- Radioactive tracers: NaI, NH4Br, I131, Br82, H3
- Chemical tracers: NaCl, CaCl2,
- Organic Dyes: Fluoresceine, Rhodamine-B, Methylene Blue
- Conventioanl tracers are identified by conventional
analytical methods such as conductometry or spectrometry
- Radioactive tracers are detected by the emitted radiation
Push-pull tracer experimental concept
EFEK REINJEKSI TERHADAP PRODUKSI
Problems associated with injection:
Peningkatan operational cost di awal (tetapi ekonomis dalam
jangka panjang)
Kemungkinan cooling sumur produksi (thermal breakthrough).
Scaling pada peralatan dan sumur reinjeksi
Sulit untuk injeksi ke dalam sandstone reservoir
Temperature decline in well PN-26 in the Palinpinon field,
Philippines. From Malate and Sullivan (1991).
Pemilihan sumur reinjeksi
1. Cooling dapat diminimalisir dengan
menempatkan sumur injeksi sejauh mungkin
dari sumur produksi
2. Manfaat maksimal dengan menempatkan
sumur injeksi dekat dengan sumur produksi
Harus ada keseimbangan antara poin 1 dan
2
Penelitian dan perencanaan yang tepat
sangat dibutuhkan untuk program injeksi
TRACER TEST OBJECTIVES
ISOTOPE H-3 ( HTO ) 1.5 - 2 Bq/L & 12.32 y Liquid and vapor
I-131 ( KI ) & 8.4 d Liquid dominated
I-125 ( KI ) 0.05 Bq/L & 60 d Liquid dominated
Xe-133 0.0002 Bq/L & 5,2 d Vapor dominated
sulphonated Naphthalene
Formaldehyde condensates (SNFC)
TRACER TEST DESIGN
1. Tracer Selection
- Should not be in reservoir (very low concentration)
- Should not react or absorb
- Easy to analysis
3. Sampling Program
SUGGESTED SAMPLING FREQUENCY
(OFTEN APPLICABLE):
(Cpm) x Qp x tb x 60
Ct = ------------------------------------
Ws x f
Qp = Fluid production
Cpm = Count perminute sample
tb = Time breakthrough
Ws = Weigh of sample
f = Efficiency factor
TRACER TEST EXECUTION
(CONTINUED):
Methods of interpretation discussed later, but some
aspects may be observed directly:
1) Tracer breakthrough-time, reflecting maximum
fluid velocity
2) Time of concentration maximum, reflecting
average fluid velocity.
3) Width of tracer pulse, reflecting flow-path
dispersion.
4) Tracer recovery as a function of time:
t
MR(t) = 0 C(s)Q(s)ds
SYSTEM REINJECTION IN KAMOJANG FIELD
Production wells
Production wells Injection well
K M J 30
K M J 27 K M J 11/ 18 K M J 17
K M J 26 K M J 15 K M J 14
1500 asl
r14 =959.1m
r11=838.3 m
r30 =1023.3 m r18 =925.5 m
r26 =1141.3 m
r27 =1272.4 m
r17 =1030.3 m
GAS TRACER INJECTION SYSTEM
v1
Freon flowing
Wash water
tracer V4
V3 Tracer tube
V1 V2
Side valve
CALIBRATION AND ACTIVITY CALCULATION
OF RADIOISOTOPE
RADIOISOTOPE COUNTING
DPM = CPM / F
BQ = 60 x CPM / F
Bq / Kg TRITIUM UNIT ( TU )
2. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR TRITIUM OR LIQUID TRACER
TACER TECHNIQUE IN GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM
STUDI KASUS
TRACERS APPLICATION IN KAMOJANG GEOTHERMAL FIELD
KMJ-21 TRITIUM
20 Ci
KMJ-20 TRITIU
17 Ci
Hasil danPembahasan
Pola arah aliran
KMJ-56
KMJ-51 KMJ-13
KMJ-72
KMJ-24
KMJ-44 KMJ-43
KMJ-67
KMJ-14
KMJ-11
KMJ-17
KMJ-18
Grafik monitoring
120
KMJ-14 KMJ-17
KMJ-67
80
TU
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
hari
Hasil dan Pembahasan
Grafik
1400
KM J-11 KM J-14
KM J-17 KM J-18
1200 KM J-24 KM J-43
KM J-44 KM J-51
KM J-56 KM J-67
1000
KM J-72
800
konsentrasi tritium (TU)
600
400
200
0
04/28/07 06/17/07 08/06/07 09/25/07 11/14/07 01/03/08
LHD-2
800
142.000 mU
780
820 900
BA TBPP 880
740
F3 860
TBPP 840
800 840
760 F2 860
F5
900
N 880
LEGEND:
780
T PP
880 F4
80 860
BA Batuan Alterasi
0
BA 840
LHD-7
BA BA 820 BHL Breksi Hidrothermal LINAU
760 BA BA F6 LHD-5 0
740 BA LHD-1 90 BHP Breksi Hidrothermal
680 LABT
920
BA LAHENDONG PANGOLOMBIAN
940
BA BA 0
720 96
660 700 1000 LAK
98
0 Lava Andesit KASURATAN
740 BA N
BA 760 LABT Lava Andesit Basaltik TAMPUSU
BA PANGALOMBIAN
T DANAU
BA LINAU G. TAMPUSU PP Piroklastik PANGALOMBIAN
BA
11
140.000 mU
TONDANGOW
940
0
920
880 860
900 N
T PP LHD-11
G. LENGKOAN
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Days after injection
Tracer test in Sibatyak geothermal field
4500
4000 S B Y-5
S B Y-6
3500
S B Y-8
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
7 /1 /0 8 7 /1 1 /0 8 7 /2 1 /0 8 7 /3 1 /0 8 8 /1 0 /0 8 8 /2 0 /0 8 8 /3 0 /0 8 9 /9 /0 8 9 /1 9 /0 8
PROGRAM TRINV DAN ANDURIL 2.3
9 Top half width 9,5 x 107 1,2 x 108 9,8 x 108 1,40 x 108
,w, (sec)
OUTPUT DATA TRINV PROGRAM PROCESSES ON
KMJ-11, 14,17 dan 18
Reservoir Initiial temp, T, (oC) (1989) 244,2 230,5 234,6 244,2 244,0 243,0 231,5
Heat Conduktivity of Reservoir, k, (W/m oC) 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2.5 2.8
Heat Capacity of Reservoir, C,( J/kg oC) 800 800 875 800 800 800 1000
Rock Density of Reservoir, R, (kg/m3) 2600 2600 2650 2600 2600 2600 2650
Heat Capasity of water Reinjektion,c,(J/kg oC) 4179 4179 4179 4179 4179 4179 4179
Density of water Reinjektion, r, (kg/m3) 990 990 990 990 990 990 990
Fracture zone heat, H, (m) 732,5 609 733 540 530 470 800
Reservoir Temperature Model (2009) 211,9 178,5 214,7 211,2 203,1 208,3 208,3
OPTIMIZATION OF REINJECTION FLOWRATE INFLUENCE TO THE EAST
PRODUCTION WELLS THROUGH TRCOOL PROGRAM MODEL
KMJ-11 KMJ-14
250 245
220
TEMP. (Oc)
225 5 kg/s 5 kg/s
TEMP (Oc)
150 120
0 60 120 180 240 0 48 96 144 192 240
KMJ-18
KMJ-17
250
250
225 5 kg/s
TEMP.(oC)
225 5 kg/s
TEMP.(Oc)
10 kg/s
10 kg/s 200
200 15 kg/s
15kg/s
175 20 kg/s
175 20 kg/s
150 150
0 48 96 144 192 240
0 48 96 144 192 240
TIME (MONTH)
TIME (MONTH)
OPTIMIZATION OF REINJECTION FLWORATE INFLUENCE TO THE WEST
PRODUCTION WELLS TROUGH TRCOOL PROGRAM MODEL
KMJ-26 KMJ-27
250 250
5 kg/s 5 kg/s
TEMP (Oc)
TEMP (Oc)
225 225
10 kg/s 10 kg/s
200 200
15 kg/s 15 kg/s
175 175
20 kg/s 20 kg/s
150 150
0 48 96 144 192 240 0 48 96 144 192 240
TIME (MONTH) TIME (MONTH)
KMJ-30
245
OPTIMIZATION FLOWRATE RESULT
220 5 kg/s
TEMP (o C)
-5 Kg/S RESV. TEMP COOLING 0,0 - 0,21 oC 195 10 kg/s
-10 Kg/S RESV.TEMP. COOLING 0,48 - 11,98 oC 170 15 kg/s
145 20 kg/s
-15 Kg/S RESV.TEMP. COOLING 19,9 - 52,0 OC 120
- 20 Kg/S RESV.TEMP. COOLING 31,96 104,33 oC 0 48 96 144 192 240
TIME (MONTH)
BEST FITTING GRAPH FROM TRCOOL PROGRAM MODEL
250
225
-Reservoir Heat capacity 800 1000 J/kg oC
200 KMJ 11
175 KMJ 14 -Rock Density 2600 2650 kg/m3
150 KMJ 17
125 KMJ 18
-Fracture zone height 470 800 m
100
0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252
-Rock Porosity 5 10 %
Time cooling prediction (month)
West KMJ
275
250
Temp.cooling predict
225
Temperature different between 200
actual and Model 0 0,2 oC 175
KMJ 26
KMJ 27
150 KMJ 30
125
100
0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252
ProgramTRINV:
Jarak sumur (m) 667 833 1278 454 787 676 370
Flow velocity (m/s): 9.9E-05 1.2E-04 1.9E-04 8.6E-05 1.3E-04 6.1E-05 6.4E-05
Mass recovery (%) 0.18 0.20 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.73 0.23
Program Anduril:
Breakthrough (hari) 7 7 12 6 32 31 7
Mean velocity (m/s) 8.31E-05 0.99E-04 1.38E-04 6.53E-05 1.14E-04 6.54E-05 4.33E-05
Parameter KMJ-72
KMJ-72
1400
ProgramTRINV:
KM J-72
1200 TRINV
Jarak antar sumur (m) 685
1000
Production rate (kg/s) 14.0
800
Flow velocity (m/s): 6.1E-05
TU
600
Mass recovery (%) 2.01
400
200
Program Anduril:
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Breakthrough (hari) 45
Waktu (hari)
Mean time (hari) 121
Mean velocity (m/s) 6.52E-05 Asumsi injection rate: 15 kg/s
Data production rate diambil dari disertasi S-3 Zainal Abidin, 2004
Recovery (%) 2.0 Jarak antar sumur merupakan jarak proyeksi horisontal