Professional Documents
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Hazard Identification
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Process hazards checklist
Hazards survey
HAZOP studies
Instructional Learning Objectives
After completing this
chapter, students should
be able to do the
following:
Identify hazards using
process hazards
checklist
Identify hazards using
Dow indexes
Identify hazards using
HAZOP
What is Hazard? What is Risk?
What is Risk?
Risk = Probability of accident x Consequences
in lost of money/life
What are examples of a hazard?
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Solution - Dow F&EI Procedure
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Hazard Survey
Dow CEI Procedure
Dow CEI is a method of rating the relative acute
health hazard potential for people in neighboring
plants or communities arising from possible
chemical release incidents.
The following items are required for CEI
determination;
Plot plan of plant and surrounding area
PFD of the plant
Physical and chemical properties of the materials
investigated
ERPG values (Table 5-7)
Dow CEI guide (AIChE, 1994)
CEI from (Figure 10-6)
The CEI procedure is given in the flowchart of
Figure 10-7.
Hazard Survey
Dow CEI Procedure
Dow CEI Procedure
Define the possible release incidents (such as from pipes,
vessels, reactor, etc). Table 4-5 can be used as
guidelines.
Use source models to estimate release rate of material.
Use dispersion model to determine the dispersed
concentration of materials.
Use ERPG standard to determine CEI value and
downwind hazard distances
Hazard surveys are suitable for identifying hazards
associated with equipment design, layout, material
storage, etc.
They are not suitable for identifying hazards
resulting from improper operation or upset
conditions.
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A scenario
You and your family are on a road trip by using a car in
the middle of the night. You were replying a text
message while driving at 100 km/h and it was raining
heavily. The car hits a deep hole and one of your tire
blows. You hit the brake, but due to slippery road and
your car tire thread was thin, the car skidded and was
thrown off the road.
Car speed Too fast Rushing Skidded when - Slow down -ABS brake system
Too slow emergency brake - Speed up -Safety belt
- Air bag
Tire No thread Tire too old, Car skidded - Check frequently
Less thread often speeding - Have spare tire
and emergency
break
Window Low Rain Cannot see the
visibility Very low road
Normal operation
Select deviation
e. g more flow
GUIDE WORDS *
CONSEQUENCES
ACTION(S) REQUIRED OR
RECOMMENDEED
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Guide Words
NONE No forward flow when there should be
MORE More of any parameter than there should be,
e.g more flow, more pressure, more
temperature, etc.
LESS As above, but "less of" in each instance
PART System composition difference from what it
should be
MORE THAN More "components" present than there should
be for example, extra phase, impurities
OTHER What needs to happen other than normal
operation, e.g. start up,shutdown,
maintenance
Guide Words
Process
fluid
Cooling water
HAZOP on Heat Exchanger Answer
Guide Word Deviation Causes Consequences Action
Less Less flow Pipe Temperature of High
of cooling blockage process fluid Temperature
water remains Alarm
constant
More More Failure of Temperature of Low
cooling cooling process fluid Temperature
flow water valve decrease Alarm