You are on page 1of 27

Integration

You need to be able to integrate Example Question


functions within defined limits Evaluate the following:
2
Your workings must be clear here. There
1
3x 2 dx
are 3 stages
2

The statement. Basically


1
3x 2 dx Integrate the function
and put it in square
b
a
...dx the function written out,
with values for a and b
x 3
2
brackets. Put the limits
outside the bracket.
1
Split the integration into
After integration. The
...a
2 separate brackets
x x
b
function is integrated and 3 3
put into square brackets
Substitute b into the
first, and a into the
The evaluation. Round second
... ... brackets are used to split
the integration in two. One
2 1
3 3

part for b and one for a.


Calculate the final value.
7
11A
Integration
You need to be able to integrate Example Question
functions within defined limits Evaluate the following:
1
4
Your workings must be clear here. There 1
2 x 3x 1 dx
2

are 3 stages 1
4

The statement. Basically


1
2 x 3x 1 dx
2
Integrate the function
b and put it in square

the function written out, 4


...dx 2 3
brackets. Put the limits
with values for a and b outside the bracket.
2 x 3x x
2
a
2 3
After integration. The 2 1
...a
b
function is integrated and 3
Simplify if possible
put into square brackets [ x 2 2 x x]14
2

Split and
The evaluation. Round substitute
... ...
3 3
brackets are used to split ( x 2 x x) ( x 2 x x )
2 2 2 2
the integration in two. One 3 3
part for b and one for a. ((4) 2(4) (4)) ((1) 2(1) (1))
2 2 2 2

4- 0 4
11A
Integration
You need to be able to integrate Example Question
functions within defined limits Evaluate the following:
1
0
Your workings must be clear here. There
1
( x 1)2 dx
3

are 3 stages 1
0

3 5
3 4
3 3 5 4
1
( x 1)2 dx
3
Sometimes you will
have to simplify an
( x x x) ( x x x)
3 3 3 3
0
2 1 expression before

5 2 5 2 ( x 2 x 1) dx
3 3 integrating
1
3 53 3 34 3 5
3 4 5 4 Integrate into
( (0) (0) (0)) ( (1) (1) (1))
3 3
x3 2x 3 Square Brackets
5 2 5 2 [ x]
5 4
3 3
(0) (3.1) 5 4
Simplify
3 3
[ x x x]3 3
3.1 5 2
Split into 2 and
substitute b and a
11A
Integration
You need to be able to use definite
Integration to find areas under curves

To find the area under a curve, between two


values of x, you follow the process we have y = f(x)
just learnt.

R
The values of a and b will be the limits of the
Area, and y is the function of the curve.
a b

It is important to note that when we say the


area under the curve, this means the area
between the curve and the x-axis.

11B
Integration
You need to be able to use definite Example Question
Integration to find areas under Find the area of the region R bounded by the
curves curve with equation y = (4 - x)(x + 2), and the y
and x axes.
To find the area under a curve, 4
between two values of x, you follow 0
(4 x)( x 2) dx
the process we have just learnt.
-2 4
8 2 x x
4
2
dx
The values of a and b will be the limits 0

of the Area, and y is the function of x 3


the curve. [8 x x 2 ]04
3
It is important to note that when we x3 x3
(8 x x ) - (8 x x )
2 2
say the area under the curve, this 3 3
means the area between the curve and 3 3
the x-axis. (4) (0)
(8(4) (4) 2 ) - (8(0) (0)2 )
3 3
2
26
3 11B
Integration
You need to be able to use definite Example Question
Integration to find areas under Find the value of R, where R is the area
curves between the values of x = 1 and x = 3, and
under the following curve:
To find the area under a curve, 4
y x2 2
between two values of x, you follow x
the process we have just learnt. 2 4
3
1 x x 2 dx
The values of a and b will be the limits Rewrite
of the Area, and y is the function of
x 4 x2 dx
3
2
the curve. 1
Integrate
3
x
It is important to note that when we [ 4 x 1 ]13
say the area under the curve, this 3 Split and
means the area between the curve and x 3
x 3 Substitute
1 1
the x-axis. ( 4x ) ( 4x )
3 3
3 3
(3) (1) 1
( 4(3)1 ) ( 4(1) 1 ) 11
3 3 3
11B
Integration
3
You need to be able to work out areas of
3
curves which have a section under the x-
axis
1
Multiply out the
3 bracket
Find the area of the finite region bounded by 2 3
1
the curve y = x(x 3) and the x-axis Integrate and use a
3 squared bracket
3 3 2
Start with a sketch
3 2
The graph will cross the x-axis at 0 and 3 1 Write as two
separate parts
3 3 2 3 3 2

3 2 3 2
Substitute in
the limits
(3)3 3(3)2 (0)3 3(0)2

0 3 3 2 3 2 Work out
each part
4.5 0
Calculate
= 4.5
In this case you can see the region is below
the x-axis So the area is 4.5 square units (you can
write is as a positive value) 11C
Integration
1
You need to be able to work out areas + 1 ( 1)
of curves which have a section under 1 Multiply out the
the x-axis 1 double bracket
2 1
1
Find the area between the curve:
1 Multiply out the rest
y = x(x + 1)(x 1)
3
and the x-axis 1
Integrate and use a
4 2 1 squared bracket
Again, start with a sketch

4 2 1 Use two separate
4
2 4
2 brackets

4 2 4 2
Sub in the
(1)4 (1)2 (1)4 (1)2 limits 1 and -1
-1 0 1
4 2 4 2
Work out
0.5 0.5 each part
Calculate
You can see this time that part of =0
the curve is above the axis and part If a region is part above and part below, this
is below process will not work 11C
Integration
You need to integrate each section separately and then
You need to be able to work out areas combine them (as positive values)
of curves which have a section under
the x-axis First section (below the axis)
1
Find the area between the curve: 3
y = x(x + 1)(x 1) 0
Integrate and use a
and the x-axis 4
2 1 squared bracket

4 2
Again, start with a sketch 0
Split into two
4
2 4
2 separate parts

4 2 4 2
Sub in the limits for
this region only
(1)4 (1)2 (0)4 (0)2

-1 0 1 4 2 4 2
Calculate
= 0.5
0.5 square
units
So the area in the section under the axis
You can see this time that part of will be 0.5 square units
the curve is above the axis and part
is below 11C
Integration
You need to integrate each section separately and then
You need to be able to work out areas combine them (as positive values)
of curves which have a section under
the x-axis Second section (above the axis)
0
Find the area between the curve: 3
y = x(x + 1)(x 1) 1 Integrate and use a squared bracket
(you wont need to work this out again
and the x-axis 4 2
0
as you have it from before!)

4 2
Again, start with a sketch 1
Split into two
4
2 4
2 separate parts
0.5 square
4 2 4 2
units Sub in the limits for
this region only
(0)4 (0)2 (1)4 (1)2

-1 0 1 4 2 4 2
Calculate
= 0.5
0.5 square
units So the area in the section above the axis
will be 0.5 square units
You can see this time that part of
the curve is above the axis and part The total area is therefore 1 square unit!
is below 11C
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area
between a Curve and a Straight Line
y Region R
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract y2
the region below the lower line y1

b b
a
y1 dx a
y2 dx
a b
x

b
a
( y1 - y2 ) dx
Sometimes you will need to work out
the values of a and b
Sometimes a and b will be different
for each part
MAKE SURE you put y1 and y2 the
correct way around!
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line Below is a diagram showing the equation y =
x, as well as the curve y = x(4 x). Find the
Area bounded by the two lines.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
the region below the lower line
b y

y=x
( y1 - y2 ) dx
a

1) Find where the lines cross (set the equations equal)


R
x x (4 x ) Expand the
bracket
x 4x x2 x
Subtract x 0 3
0 3x x 2
Factorise
0 x(3 x)
y = x(4 x)
x 0 or x 3
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line Below is a diagram showing the equation y =
x, as well as the curve y = x(4 x). Find the
Area bounded by the two lines.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
the region below the lower line
b y

y=x
( y1 - y2 ) dx
a

2) Integrate to find the Area


R
0 x(4 x) x dx
3
Expand and rearrange
(higher equation lower

3x x dx equation)
3
2 x
0 0 3
3 Integrate
3 2 x3
2 x 3
0 Split and
Substitute y = x(4 x)
3 (3)3 3 (0)3
(3) (0)
2 2

2 3 2 3
4.5 11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with
equation y = x(x 3), and the line with Equation
2x. Calculate the Area of region R.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
y = x(x 3) y y = 2x
the region below the lower line
b (5,10)
A

a
( y1 - y2 ) dx
1) Work out the coordinates of the major points..
As the curve is y = x(x 3), the x-coordinate at C = 3 R
Set the equations equal to find the x-coordinates x
where they cross 0
O 3
C 5
B

2 x x( x 3)
Expand Bracket
2 x x 2 3x
Subtract 2x
0 x 5x
2
Factorise
0 x( x 5) The Area we want will be The Area of Triangle
OAB The Area ACB, under the curve.
x 0 or x 5 11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with
equation y = x(x 3), and the line with Equation
2x. Calculate the Area of region R.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
y = x(x 3) y y = 2x
the region below the lower line
b (5,10)

a
( y1 - y2 ) dx
2) Area of the Triangle
1 R
bh
2 Substitute x
values in 0 3 5
1
5 10
2 Work it out!

25

Area of Triangle OAB The Area ACB

25
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with
equation y = x(x 3), and the line with Equation
2x. Calculate the Area of region R.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
y = x(x 3) y y = 2x
the region below the lower line
b (5,10)


a
( y1 - y2 ) dx
3) Area under the curve
5 16 R1/3
3
x( x 3) dx
Expand x
5 Bracket 0 3 5
x 3x dx
2
3
5 Integrate
x3 3 2
3 2x
3
Split and
(5) 3 2 (3) 3 2
3 3
Substitute
(5) (3) Area of Triangle OAB The Area ACB
3 2 3 2
26
25 - 26/
3 3
11D
Integration
y
Sometimes you may need to find the area y0 y1
beneath a curve which is very hard to
Integrate. In this case you can use the y2
trapezium rule to approximate the area y3

Imagine we had a curve as shown to the right,


and we wanted to find the area in the region
indicated a h h h b x
We could split the region into strips, all
of the same height (in this case 3), and y
work out the area of each strip as a y0 y1
trapezium y2
y3 y
4 y
5
We could then add them together and the
area would be an approximation for the
area under the curve

If we want a better approximation, we just a h h h h h b x


need to use more strips

11E
Integration
Sometimes you may need to find the area
beneath a curve which is very hard to y0 y1
Integrate. In this case you can use the
y1 y2 y2 y3
trapezium rule to approximate the area

h h h
Lets see what the algebra would look like for
using the trapezium rule in a question =
1
0 + 1 =
1
1 + 2
1
= 2 + 3
2 2 2

y 1 1
= 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3
2 2
1
2

1
= 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3
2
y0 y1 y2 y3
1
= 0 + 2(1 + 2 ) + 3
2

h h h x

11E
Integration
Sometimes you may need to find the area
beneath a curve which is very hard to
Integrate. In this case you can use the
trapezium rule to approximate the area

As a general case, the trapezium rule looks


like this:

1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2
and

The height of each strip is given


by the difference between the
limits, divided by n, the number
of strips
11E

1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2

Integration

Sometimes you may need to find the area


=
beneath a curve which is very hard to Sub in values from
Integrate. In this case you can use the
the question
trapezium rule to approximate the area 20
=
4
Using 4 strips, estimate the area under the Calculate
curve:
= 0.5
= 2 + 3
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2 So the height (horizontally!) of each strip will
be 0.5 units

You will not need to integrate at all to do


this (which is good because you do not
know how to integrate a function like
this yet!)

Start by finding the height of each strip


h = 0.5

11E

1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2

Integration

Between x = 0 and x = 2, the height of each


Sometimes you may need to find the area strip is 0.5
beneath a curve which is very hard to
Integrate. In this case you can use the
trapezium rule to approximate the area x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Using 4 strips, estimate the area under the y 1.732 2 2.236 2.449 2.646
curve:

= 2 + 3
For each of these values of x, calculate the
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2 value of y by substituting it into the equation
of the curve
These are the heights of each strip!
You will not need to integrate at all to do
this (which is good because you do not
You can now substitute these values into
know how to integrate a function like
the formula (the first is y0, the second is y1
this yet!)
etc)

Start by finding the height of each strip


h = 0.5

Now draw up a table and work out y values


at the appropriate x positions between 0
and 2 11E

1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2

Integration

Sometimes you may need to find the area x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2


beneath a curve which is very hard to
Integrate. In this case you can use the y 1.732 2 2.236 2.449 2.646
trapezium rule to approximate the area

Using 4 strips, estimate the area under the


1
curve: 0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2
= 2 + 3 2
1
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2 2 + 3 (0.5) 1.732 + 2 2 + 2.236 + 2.449 + 2.646
0 2

Now sub the values you worked out into = 4.437


the formula the first value for y is y0
and the last is yn

11E

1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2

Integration

Sometimes you may need to find the area


=
beneath a curve which is very hard to Sub in values from
Integrate. In this case you can use the
the question
trapezium rule to approximate the area 20
=
8
Using 8 strips, estimate the area under the Calculate
curve:
= 0.25
= 2 + 3
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2 So the height (horizontally!) of each strip will
be 0.25 units

You will not need to integrate at all to do


this (which is good because you do not
know how to integrate a function like
this yet!)

Start by finding the height of each strip


h = 0.25

11E

1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2

Integration

Between x = 0 and x = 2, the height of each


Sometimes you may need to find the area strip is 0.25
beneath a curve which is very hard to
Integrate. In this case you can use the x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
trapezium rule to approximate the area y 1.732 1.871 2 2.121 2.236
Using 8 strips, estimate the area under the
curve: x 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
= 2 + 3 y 2.345 2.449 2.550 2.646
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2

1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2

2
1
2 + 3 (0.25) 1.732 + 2 1.871 + 2 + 2.121 + 2.236 + 2.345 + 2.449 + 2.550 + 2.646
0 2

= 4.440

Note that this will be a better estimate as the area was split into more strips!
11E
Summary
We have built on our knowledge of
Integration from C1

We have seen how to use Integration to


find the area under a curve

We have also used the Trapezium rules


for equations that we are unable to
differentiate easily!

You might also like