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are 3 stages 1
4
Split and
The evaluation. Round substitute
... ...
3 3
brackets are used to split ( x 2 x x) ( x 2 x x )
2 2 2 2
the integration in two. One 3 3
part for b and one for a. ((4) 2(4) (4)) ((1) 2(1) (1))
2 2 2 2
4- 0 4
11A
Integration
You need to be able to integrate Example Question
functions within defined limits Evaluate the following:
1
0
Your workings must be clear here. There
1
( x 1)2 dx
3
are 3 stages 1
0
3 5
3 4
3 3 5 4
1
( x 1)2 dx
3
Sometimes you will
have to simplify an
( x x x) ( x x x)
3 3 3 3
0
2 1 expression before
5 2 5 2 ( x 2 x 1) dx
3 3 integrating
1
3 53 3 34 3 5
3 4 5 4 Integrate into
( (0) (0) (0)) ( (1) (1) (1))
3 3
x3 2x 3 Square Brackets
5 2 5 2 [ x]
5 4
3 3
(0) (3.1) 5 4
Simplify
3 3
[ x x x]3 3
3.1 5 2
Split into 2 and
substitute b and a
11A
Integration
You need to be able to use definite
Integration to find areas under curves
R
The values of a and b will be the limits of the
Area, and y is the function of the curve.
a b
11B
Integration
You need to be able to use definite Example Question
Integration to find areas under Find the area of the region R bounded by the
curves curve with equation y = (4 - x)(x + 2), and the y
and x axes.
To find the area under a curve, 4
between two values of x, you follow 0
(4 x)( x 2) dx
the process we have just learnt.
-2 4
8 2 x x
4
2
dx
The values of a and b will be the limits 0
b b
a
y1 dx a
y2 dx
a b
x
b
a
( y1 - y2 ) dx
Sometimes you will need to work out
the values of a and b
Sometimes a and b will be different
for each part
MAKE SURE you put y1 and y2 the
correct way around!
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line Below is a diagram showing the equation y =
x, as well as the curve y = x(4 x). Find the
Area bounded by the two lines.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
the region below the lower line
b y
y=x
( y1 - y2 ) dx
a
3x x dx equation)
3
2 x
0 0 3
3 Integrate
3 2 x3
2 x 3
0 Split and
Substitute y = x(4 x)
3 (3)3 3 (0)3
(3) (0)
2 2
2 3 2 3
4.5 11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with
equation y = x(x 3), and the line with Equation
2x. Calculate the Area of region R.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
y = x(x 3) y y = 2x
the region below the lower line
b (5,10)
A
a
( y1 - y2 ) dx
1) Work out the coordinates of the major points..
As the curve is y = x(x 3), the x-coordinate at C = 3 R
Set the equations equal to find the x-coordinates x
where they cross 0
O 3
C 5
B
2 x x( x 3)
Expand Bracket
2 x x 2 3x
Subtract 2x
0 x 5x
2
Factorise
0 x( x 5) The Area we want will be The Area of Triangle
OAB The Area ACB, under the curve.
x 0 or x 5 11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with
equation y = x(x 3), and the line with Equation
2x. Calculate the Area of region R.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
y = x(x 3) y y = 2x
the region below the lower line
b (5,10)
a
( y1 - y2 ) dx
2) Area of the Triangle
1 R
bh
2 Substitute x
values in 0 3 5
1
5 10
2 Work it out!
25
25
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Example Question
between a Curve and a Straight Line The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with
equation y = x(x 3), and the line with Equation
2x. Calculate the Area of region R.
To work out the Region between 2 lines, you work
out the region below the higher line, and subtract
y = x(x 3) y y = 2x
the region below the lower line
b (5,10)
a
( y1 - y2 ) dx
3) Area under the curve
5 16 R1/3
3
x( x 3) dx
Expand x
5 Bracket 0 3 5
x 3x dx
2
3
5 Integrate
x3 3 2
3 2x
3
Split and
(5) 3 2 (3) 3 2
3 3
Substitute
(5) (3) Area of Triangle OAB The Area ACB
3 2 3 2
26
25 - 26/
3 3
11D
Integration
y
Sometimes you may need to find the area y0 y1
beneath a curve which is very hard to
Integrate. In this case you can use the y2
trapezium rule to approximate the area y3
11E
Integration
Sometimes you may need to find the area
beneath a curve which is very hard to y0 y1
Integrate. In this case you can use the
y1 y2 y2 y3
trapezium rule to approximate the area
h h h
Lets see what the algebra would look like for
using the trapezium rule in a question =
1
0 + 1 =
1
1 + 2
1
= 2 + 3
2 2 2
y 1 1
= 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3
2 2
1
2
1
= 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3
2
y0 y1 y2 y3
1
= 0 + 2(1 + 2 ) + 3
2
h h h x
11E
Integration
Sometimes you may need to find the area
beneath a curve which is very hard to
Integrate. In this case you can use the
trapezium rule to approximate the area
Integration
11E
1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2
Integration
Using 4 strips, estimate the area under the y 1.732 2 2.236 2.449 2.646
curve:
= 2 + 3
For each of these values of x, calculate the
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2 value of y by substituting it into the equation
of the curve
These are the heights of each strip!
You will not need to integrate at all to do
this (which is good because you do not
You can now substitute these values into
know how to integrate a function like
the formula (the first is y0, the second is y1
this yet!)
etc)
Integration
11E
1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2
Integration
11E
1
0 + 2 1 + 2 +. . . +1 +
2
Integration
2
1
2 + 3 (0.25) 1.732 + 2 1.871 + 2 + 2.121 + 2.236 + 2.345 + 2.449 + 2.550 + 2.646
0 2
= 4.440
Note that this will be a better estimate as the area was split into more strips!
11E
Summary
We have built on our knowledge of
Integration from C1