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BLOOD

Uploaded By Hafiz Bilal


1. Blood is a very important fluid
What is blood?

What does blood do?


Blood, a type of connective tissue, is a
complex mixture of cells, chemicals, and
fluid.

Blood transports substances throughout


the body, and helps to maintain a
stable internal environment.

It represents 8% of the total body weight


It has an average volume of 5 liters in
females and 5.5 in men.
Blood - Functions

Respiratory
Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
Nutrition
Transport food from gut to tissues (cells)
Excretory
Transport waste from tissues to kidney
(urea, uric acid, water)
Regulatory
Water Content of Tissues
Water exchanged through vessel walls to tissue

-Blood regulates the pH


Body Temperature
Protective
Antibodies, antitoxins, white blood cells
Acid-base balance
pH 7.35~7.45, NaHCO3/H2CO3
Coagulation
Blood composition
70 mL/kg of body weight
Suspension of cells in a carrier fluid (plasma)
Cells - 45% by volume (45% is RBCS and <1%
others this is called hematocrit or packed cell
volume : the % of RBCS in total blood volume)
Plasma - 55% by volume
Cells
Red cells (erythrocytes):
5x106/mL
White cells (leukocytes)
7x103/mL
Platelets (thrombocytes)
3x105/mL
Add anticoagulants
(heparin, potassium
Centrifuged Blood Sample oxalate)
Separation of Components

Plasma = Less Dense

Platelets / WBCs

RBCs
More Dense
2. Plasma vs. serum
Plasma is the Serum is the liquid
liquid, cell-free part of blood AFTER
part of blood, that coagulation, therfore
has been treated devoid of clotting
with anti- factors as fibrinogen.
coagulants.

Anticoagulated Clotted

serum= plasma - fibrinogen


Components of Plasma
Blood plasma Consists of:
Water 90%
Plasma Proteins 6-8 %
Electrolytes (Na+ & Cl-) 1%

Other components:
Nutrients (e.g. Glucose and amino acids)
Hormones (e.g. Cortisol, thyroxine)
Wastes (e.g. Urea)
Blood gases (e.g. CO2, O2)
Plasma Proteins
General characteristics of plasma proteins
1. They are synthesized in liver except
immunoglobulin.
2. Almost all plasma proteins are
glycoproteins.
3. Each plasma protein has a characteristic
half-life in the circulation.
Plasma proteins
Albumin

Albumin has single polypeptide chain is the most


abundant protein (60%) in the blood plasma.
(3.5-5.0 g/dl)

Synthesis of albumin:
Liver
half-life: 20 days
- measurement of serum albumin concentration is used to
assays liver function test.
Functions
1. Transport: It can bind and transport many diverse
molecules and serve as low-specificity transport protein,
which include:
a. Metal ions: such as calcium and copper.
b. Free fatty acid: albumin binds to free fatty acid
released by adipose tissue and facilitates their transfer
to other tissue.
c. Bilirubin: this protects from the toxic side effects of
unconjugated bilirubin.
d. Bile acid: albumin carries the bile acids that are
recycle from the intestine to the liver in the hepatic
portal vein.
e. Hormones: such as thyroid hormones and the steroid
hormones.
Maintain osmotic pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure, is a form of osmotic
pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma that
usually tends to pull water into the circulatory
system.
Because large plasma proteins cannot easily cross
through the capillary walls.
In conditions where plasma proteins are reduced,
e.g. from being lost in the urine (proteinuria) or
from malnutrition,
there will be a reduction in osmotic pressure, leading
to enhanced fluid retention in tissue spaces (edema).
Colloid osmotic pressure

Low albumin, causing edema.


Clinical aspects
1. Albumin binds different drugs
and strongly affects the
pharmacokinetics of these
drugs.
2. In cases of liver disease or
starvation,or malnutrition
albumin synthesis decreases.
This lead to edema.
3. In case of kidney disease
or gut disease proteins are
lost from the body so
decreased albumin.
This leads to edema
Clinical aspects
hyperproteinemia: occurs in dehydration

Albumin is therapeutically useful for the

treatment of burns and hemorrhage.


globulins

alpha beta gamma


Globulins
1Antitrypsin,
2 Macroglobulin,
Hepatoglobin (Hp),
Ceruloplasmin,
Transferrin (Tf)

Uploaded By
Hafiz Bilal
Functions of Globulins

Like albumin some alpha and beta globulins


bind poorly water soluble substances for
transport in the plasma but are highly specific
as to which passenger they will bind a d
carry eg. Thyroid hormone, Fe, cholesterol
Many of the blood clotting factors are alpha
and beta globulins
The gamma globulins are the
immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulin(Ig)/anti
body(Ab):
Glycoprotein molecules that
are produced by plasma cells
in response to an immunogen
and which function as
antibodies,
But -globulin and Ig are not
synonymous.
Ig is a functional term
-globulin is physical term.
FIBRINOGEN
It is a plasma protein
It is also a glycoprotein
It is also synthesized in liver
Highest molecular weight
It plays an important role in blood
clotting /coagulation
During coagulation it is converted
to fibrin
summary
Plasma vs. serum
Components and functions of Plasma
Plasma proteins
Albumin: Function(Transport, Maintain of
osmotic pressure), Clinical aspects
Globulins
1Antitrypsin, 2 Macroglobulin, Hepatoglobin (Hp),
Ceruloplasmin, Transferrin (Tf)
- Fibrinogen: helps in blood clotting

Immunoglobulin(Ig)/antibody(Ab)
Classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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