Topic 1

Learning Outcomes

 Students will be able to differentiate between
scientific and engineering notations.
 Students will be able to understand terms related to
electrical.
 Students will be able to define voltage, current and
resistance.
 Students will be able to use relevant formulas to
determine voltage, current and resistance.
 Students will be able to apply ohm’s law in solving
electrical circuits.
 Students will be able to use multimeter to measure
voltage, current and resistance.
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Topic 1.1

Unit & Standards
Scientific and Engineering Notation

Very large and very small numbers are
represented with scientific and engineering
notation.
47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)
= 47 x 106 (Engineering Notation)
0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)
= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)
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 SI Fundamental Units

Quantity Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity Candela cd
Amount of substance Mole mol

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 Some Important Electrical Units

Except for current, all electrical and magnetic
units are derived from the fundamental units.
Current is a fundamental unit.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Current Ampere A
Charge Coulomb C
These derived units
Voltage Volt V are based on
fundamental units
Resistance Ohm W from the meter-
kilogram-second
Power Watt W system, hence are
called mks units.
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Engineering Metric Prefixes - Large

P peta 1015

T tera 1012

G giga 109

M mega 106

k kilo 103

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Engineering Metric Prefixes - Small

m milli 10-3

m micro 10-6

n nano 10-9

p pico 10-12

f femto 10-15

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 Topic 1.2

Voltage, Current and Resistance
Topic 1.2.1

Voltage

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 Voltage

 Voltage is defined as energy per unit of charge and is
expressed as

W
V
Q

V = Voltage, volts (V)

W = Energy, joules (J)
Q = Charge, coulombs (C)

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 Volt

 One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between
two points when one joule of energy is used to move
one coulomb of charge from one point to the other.
 Example :
if 50 J of energy are required to move 10 C of charge,
what is the voltage?

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 Voltage Source

 Voltage source provides electrical energy or
electromotive force (emf)
 Example of voltage source
 DC
 AC
 Battery
 Fuel cell
 Solar cell
 Generator
 Power supply

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Topic 1.2.2

Current

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 Current

 Voltage provides energy to electrons that allow them
to move through a circuit.
 Random motion of free electron in a material

 Electrons flow from negative to positive when a

voltage is applied across a conductive or
semiconductive material

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 Electric Current, I

 Electric current is the rate of flow of charge
 Current in a conductive material is measured by the
number of electrons (amount of charge) that flow
past a point in a unit of time.
Q
I
t

I = Current, amperes (A)

Q = Charge, coulombs (C)
t = Time, seconds (s)
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 Ampere

 One ampere (1 A) is the amount of current that exists
when a number of electrons having a total charge of
one coulomb (1 C) move through a given cross –
sectional area in one second (1 s)

One coulomb is the charged carried by 6.25 x 1018 electrons

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Topic 1.2.3

Resistance

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 Resistance

 The property of a material that restricts the flow of
electron is called resistance, R
 Schematic symbol for resistance

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 Ohm: Unit of Resistance

 Symbolized by the Greek letter Ω
 One ohm (1 Ω) of resistance exists when there is one
ampere (1 A) of current in a material with one volt (1 V)
applied across the material.
 Conductance: the reciprocal of resistance, symbolized by G

1
G
R
 Unit of conductance is siemens, symbolized by S

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 Application of Resistor

 Limit current, divide voltage and in certain cases,
generate heat
 Two main categories: fixed or variable

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Fixed Resistor


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Typical Wirewound Power Resistors


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 Resistor Color Code

 Resistance value and the tolerance are indicated by
four bands with color coded .
 Value of tolerances: 5% and 10%

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 4 – Band Resistor Color Code
 Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Black 0 10 0

Brown 1 10 1 1% (five band)

Resistance value, first three bands: Red 2 10 2 2% (five band)

Orange 3 10 3
First band – 1st digit Yellow 4 10 4

Second band – 2nd digit Green 5 10 5

Blue 6 10 6

Violet 7 10 7
*Third band – Multiplier (number of Gray 8 10 8
zeros following second digit) White 9 10 9

Gold ±5% 10 -1 5% (four band)

Fourth band - tolerance Silver ± 10% 10 -2 10% (four band)

No band ± 20%

* For resistance values less than 10 W, the third band is either gold or
silver. Gold is for a multiplier of 0.1 and silver is for a multiplier of 0.01.
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 Example


2 7 000 ±10% 5 6 00000 ±5%

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 Variable Resistance

 The resistance values can be changed easily
 Basic uses of variable resistance
 To divide voltage
 To control current
 Variable resistor that is used to divide voltage
 potentiometer
 Variable resistor that is used to control current
 rheostat

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Potentiometer and Rheostat Symbol

Terminals 1 and 2 have a fixed resistance
between them; total resistance
Terminal 3 is connected to a moving contact
(wiper)

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Topic 1.3

The Electric Circuit

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 Electric Circuit

 Electric circuit consists of voltage source, a load and
a path for current between the source and the load.
 Load is a device on which work is done by the
current through it.
 Example:

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 Electric Circuit

 An electric circuit can be represented by a schematic.

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 Topic 1.4

Current Control and Protection

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 Circuit Current Control and Protection

 Switches: to control the opening or closing of circuit.

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Example of an SPDT Switch Controlling Two Lamps.

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Switch Symbols


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Typical Mechanical Switches.


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Topic 1.5

Protective Devices

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 Protective Devices

 Fuses and circuit breakers are placed in the current
path and are used deliberately create an open circuit
when the current exceeds a specified number of
amperes due to a malfunction or other abnormal
condition in a circuit.
 Fuse: when it blows, it must be replaced
 Circuit breaker: when it opens, it can be reset and
reused repeatedly.

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Typical Fuses and Circuit Breakers and Their
Symbols.


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Topic 1.6

Wires

40
 Wires

 Common form of conductive material used in
electrical appliances.
 Cross sectional of wire is as shown below

Where A = d2 and the unit is circular mil or CM

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 Wire Resistance

 All conductors, despite the good conductivity, will
have resistance.
 Resistance of wire depends on:
 Type of material
 Length of wire
 Cross – sectional area
 Each type of conductive material has a characteristic
called resistivity and it’s represented by rho ()

l  = resistivity value at a given temperature

R l = length
A A = cross - sectional
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 Example

 Find the resistance of a 100 ft length of copper wire
with a cross – sectional area of 810.1 CM. The
resistivity of copper is 10.37 CM - Ω/ft at 20

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Topic 1.7

Ground

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 Ground

 A reference point in an electric circuit.
 Symbols for ground

 A simple circuit with ground connections

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 Topic 1.8

Basic Circuit Measurement

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 Basic Circuit Measurement

 To measure voltage – voltmeter
 To measure current – ammeter
 To measure resistance – ohmmeter
 We can use multimeter

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Measuring Current


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Measuring Voltage


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Measuring Resistance


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Topic 1.9

Ohm’s Law

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 Introduction

 Ohm’s Law describes mathematically how voltage,
current and resistance in a circuit are related.
 Voltage is the amount of energy per charge available
to move electrons from one point to another in a
circuit and is measured in volts.
 Current is the rate of charge flow and is measured in
amperes.
 Resistance is the opposition to current and is
measured in ohms.

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Effect On The Current Of Changing The Voltage With
The Resistance At A Constant Value


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Effect On The Current Of Changing The Resistance
With The Voltage At A Constant Value


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 Ohm’s Law

V V
V  IR I R
R I

Example:
Verify that the current through 10 Ω resistor increases
when the voltage is increased from 5 V to 20 V.

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A Graphic Aid For The Ohm’s Law
Formulas.


56
 Example

 In the circuit, how much voltage is needed to
produce 5 A of current?

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Topic 1.10

Energy

58
 Introduction

 When there is a current through a resistance,
electrical energy is converted to heat or any other
form of energy, such as light.
 Example: Light bulb becomes too hot to touch
 Electrical components must be able to dissipate a
certain amount of energy in a given period of time.

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 Energy

 Energy is the ability to do work, and power is the
rate at which energy is used.
W P = Power, watts (W)
P W = Amount of energy, joules (J)
t t = Length of time, seconds (s)

One watt is the amount of power when one joule

of energy is used in one second

Number of joules used in 1 s equals to the number of watts.

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 Example

 An amount of energy equal to 100 J is used in 5 s.
What is the power in watts?

61
Topic 1.11

Power

62
 Power

 When there is a current through a resistance, the
collisions of the electrons as they move through the
resistance give off heat, resulting in a conversion of
electrical energy to thermal energy.
 In electrical work, the rate energy is dissipated can
be determined from any of three forms of the power
formula.

PI R 2
P  VI P
V2
R

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 Example

 Calculate the power in each of the three circuits.

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 The Power Rating of Resistor

 Resistor gives off heat when there is current through
it.
 There is a limit to the amount of heat that a resistor
can give off, which is specified by its power rating.
 Power rating is the maximum amount of power that
a resistor can dissipate without being damaged by
excessive heat buildup
 Is mainly determined by the physical composition,
size and shape of the resistor.

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Relative sizes of metal-film resistors with standard
power ratings of 1⁄8 W, 1⁄4 W, 1⁄2 W, and 1 W


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 Example

 Choose an adequate power rating (1⁄8 W, 1⁄4 W, 1⁄2
W, and 1 W) for each of the metal – film resistors
represented in Figure.

67
 Example

 Determine whether the resistor in each circuit of
Figure has possibly been damaged by overheating.

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 Voltage Drop in a Resistance

 A loss of energy by electrons (charge) as they flow
through a resistance creates a voltage drop because
voltage equals energy divided by charge.

W
V
Q
V = Voltage, volts (V)
W = Energy, joules (J)
Q = Charge, coulombs (C)

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 The End


Credits to Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Applications

Thomas L. Floyd & David M. Buchla

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