ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

Presented By
ASHUTOSH BHATT
M.Tech (POWER SYSTEM)
INTRODUCTION

Electricity completely surrounds us for most of us, modern life

would be impossible without it. Here are just a few examples:
 Throughout your house, you probably find electrical outlets where you
can plug in all sorts of electrical appliances.
 Most portable devices contain batteries, which produce varying
amounts of electricity depending on their size.
 During a thunderstorm, there are huge bolts of electricity called
lightning that shoot down from the sky.

15 January 2018 2
TODAY WE WILL EXPLORE ELECTRIC
ENERGY BETTER KNOWS AS
ELECTRICITY
 Electricity by definition is electric current that is used as a power source.
 This electric current is generated in a power plant, and then sent out over
a power grid to your homes, and ultimately to your power outlets.

420 kV
11 kV
11 kV
220 V

15 January 2018 3
POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE

The main components of an electric power system are:

Generating stations Transmission system Distribution system

15 January 2018 4
BASICS OF POWER STRUCTURE

 Generating stations and a distribution system are connected through

transmission lines, which also connected one power system to another.
 A distribution system connects all the loads in a particular area to the
transmission lines.
 Individual power system, for economical and technological reasons, are
organized in the form of electrically connected areas or regional grid (also
called power tools).each area or regional grid operates technically and
economically eventually interconnected to form a national grid tied to
other areas in respect to certain generation and scheduling features.

15 January 2018 5
 BASICS OF TRANSMISSION

 Electric power is generated at a voltage of 11kV TO 25kV which then is

stepped up to the transmission levels in the range of 400kV (or higher).

 As the transmission capability of a line is proportional to the square of its

voltage, research is continuously being carried out to raises transmission
voltages. Some of the countries are already employing 765 kV.
 In India, several 400 kV lines are already in operation.
 In the near future the voltage are expected to rise to 1200 kV.

15 January 2018 6
D.C TRANSMISSION

 Its economical to transmit bulk power by D.C transmission for very long
distance, over 600 km. the D.C voltage used are 400 kV and above and
the line is connected to the A.C system at the two ends through a
transformer and converting/ inverting equipment.

 The first HVDC transmission lines has already been commissioned and
several other are being are planned.

15 January 2018 7
BASICS OF DISTRIBUTION

 Depending upon the transmission line voltage, the step-down of the

voltage from transmission level is at the bulk power stations, where the
reduction is to range of 33kV (some industries may requires power at
these voltage level and this step-down is from the transmission and grid
level to sub transmission level).

o In the next step-down in voltage in voltage, at the distribution substation,

two distribution voltage level, normally employed are:
o The primary or feeder voltage – 11 kV.
o The secondary or consume voltage – 415 V (3-phase)/ 230 V (1-phase).

15 January 2018 8
ORGANIZATION OF ENERGY SECTOR

 Energy sector in India is dominated by government and its

agencies.
 It is guided in policy making by Power & Energy Policy and Rural
Energy Division of Planning Commission.
 Many of the large companies in energy sector are government
owned.
 The sector has only recently seen the rise of private sector
companies.
 A few areas like Nuclear Power , still under state monopoly.

15 January 2018 9
INDIA’S CURRENT ELECTRICITY
PRODUCTION

 Installed capacity: Approx 150 GW

 Primarily based on coal (52%) & large hydro (27%)
 Wind (7%) is the largest alternative energy component
 Total non-hydro renewable energy is only about 8% of total

15 January 2018 10
FUTURE ELECTRICITY REQUIREMENTS

 Could require 350 GW by 2017.

 Where does the additional 200 GW come from?
From fossil fuels (coal, natural gas) and
Renewables

15 January 2018 Mid Sem. Project Presentation 11

SOURCES OF ENERGY

 The various source of energy are:

 Conventional sources.
 Non-conventional sources

15 January 2018 12
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

Fuels

1. Solids ( Coal, coke anthracite etc.)

2. Liquids ( Petroleum and its derivatives)
3. Gases ( Natural gas, blast furnace gas etc.)

15 January 2018 Mid Sem. Project Presentation 13

7NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

 Energy stored in water

 Nuclear energy
 Wind power
 Solar power
 Tidal power
 Geothermal energy

15 January 2018 14
HVAC

1. Overhead
The primary components of an overhead transmission line are:
 Conductors.
 Ground or shield wires.
 Insulators.
 Support Structures.
2. Cable.
3. Submarine Cables.

15 January 2018 15
TRANSMISSION LINES

15 January 2018 16
CONTINUED

 They allow transmission lines to be segmented to provide a degree of

redundancy in the transmission paths.
 They provide a location where compensation devices such as shunt or
series reactors or capacitors can be connected to the transmission system.
 They provide a location where transmission lines can be de-energized,
either for maintenance or because of an electrical malfunction involving
the line.
 They provide a location for protection, control, and metering equipment

15 January 2018 17
HVDC

• An alternate means of transmitting electricity is to use high-voltage direct

current (HVDC) technology. As the name implies, HVDC uses direct
current to transmit power.
• Direct current facilities are connected to HVAC systems by means of
rectifiers, which convert alternating current to direct current, and
inverters, which convert direct current to alternating current.
• Early applications used mercury arc valves for the rectifiers and inverters
but, starting in the 1970s, thyristors became the valve type of choice.

15 January 2018 18
CONTINUED

• HVDC transmission lines can either be single pole or bipolar, although

most are bipolar, that is, they use two conductors operating at different
polarities such as +/-500kV.
• HVDC submarine cables are either of the solid type with oil-impregnated
paper insulation or of the self-contained oil-filled type. New applications
also use cables with extruded insulation, cross-linked polyethylene.

15 January 2018 19
ADVANTAGES OF HVDC

• As the technology has developed, the breakeven distance for HVDC

versus HVAC transmission lines has decreased. Some studies indicate a
breakeven distance of 60km using modern HVDC technology. Some of
the advantages identified are:
• Very fast control of power flow, which allows improvements in system
stability.
• The direction of power flow can be changed very quickly (bi-
directionality)

15 January 2018 20
DISADVANTAGES OF HVDC

 The primary disadvantages of HVDC are its higher costs and that it
remains a technology that can only be applied in point-to-point
applications because of the lack of an economic and reliable HVDC
circuit breaker.
 The lack of an HVDC circuit breaker reflects the technological problem
that a direct current system does not have a point where its voltage is zero
as in an alternating current system. An HVAC circuit breaker utilizes this
characteristic when it opens an HVAC circuit.

15 January 2018 21
DISTRIBUTION

 The primary function of the distribution system is to connect the electric

bulk power system to customers requiring service at voltages below that
of the transmission and sub transmission systems.
 The distribution system is the portion of the electric power system most
readily seen by the customer and which contributes most directly to
providing electric service.
 Of the three primary functions of the electric utility, generation,
transmission, and distribution, the distribution system plays the largest
role in the quality of service received by the consumers.

15 January 2018 22
PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF A
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Distribution Substation
2. Primary Feeder
3. Distribution Transformer
4. Secondaries and Services.

15 January 2018 23
SUBSTATIONS

 Substations are locations where transmission lines are tied together. They
fulfill a number of functions.
 They allow power from different generating stations to be fed into the
main transmission corridors.
 They provide a terminus for interconnections with other systems.
 They provide a location where transformers can be connected to feed
power into the sub transmission or distribution systems.

15 January 2018 24
SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT

 Protective relays.
 Circuit breakers.
 Transformers.
 Disconnect switches.
 Lightning arrestors.
 Metering equipment.
 FACTS (Flexible ac Transmission Systems).

15 January 2018 25
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

15 January 2018 26