Introduction of

the ILS/VOR/DME

Lee Yongcheol
yclee@airport.co.kr
ILS Display at the Cockpit
ILS Display at the Cockpit
ILS Display at the Cockpit
ILS Display at the Cockpit
ILS Display at the Cockpit
ILS Display at the Cockpit
ILS Display at the Cockpit
ILS Display at the Cockpit
ILS (LLZ+GP+MB)
LLZ Antenna Array
LLZ Antenna Array
LLZ Signal Pattern
GP Antenna Array
GP Antenna Array
GP Signal Pattern
ILS Composite Wave

• CSB

• SBO
Frequency Spectrum of LLZ/GP

• CSB

• SBO
Formation of DDM
Formation of DDM
Formation of DDM
LLZ Coverage

• Coverage
- 25NM : 46.3 km within 10° from course line
- 17NM : 31.5 km within 10° and 35° from course line
- 10NM : 18.5 km outside 35° if coverage is required
GP Coverage

• Coverage
- 10NM : 18.5 km from 1.75*GP angle to 0.3*GP angle
- ±8° on each side of course line
VOR Display at the Cockpit
DVOR/DME
DVOR/DME
DVOR Antenna Array
DVOR Antenna Array
Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
DVOR Composite Wave
Frequency Spectrum of DVOR

Reference Signal
Carrier

Variable signal Variable signal

30 Hz FM 30 Hz FM
Deviation ± 480 Hz Deviation ± 480 Hz
- 30 Hz AM + 30 Hz AM
Voice, ID Voice, ID

fc
f c - 9960 Hz fc + + 9960 Hz
Lower sideband Upper sideband
USB & LSB Signal
COS
45 47 1 3

3 2 1 48 47
4 46
5 45
6 44 SIN
7 43 USB 44 46 48 2
8 42
9 41
t
10 40
11 39
12 38
13 37
14 36
Carrier Antenna
15 35
16 34 COS
17 33 21 23 25 27
18 32
LSB 19 31 t
20 30
21 29
22 28
23 24 25 26 27
SIN
20 22 24 26

t
Blending Signal
Blending Signal
Blending Signal

• 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 1 (constant)

Phase Difference of each position
Reference
Phase
1 Signal
0 t
(AM 30Hz)
1/30sec

1 Df

+480Hz
0 t
N
-480Hz
1/30sec
Direction of
D
Revolution =
16 2 Df
4 ´l 2
W
/p E +480Hz
0 t
-480Hz
1/30sec

S 3 Df

+480Hz
0 t
-480Hz
3 1/30sec

4 Df

+480Hz
0 t
-480Hz
1/30sec
 Phase Difference of each position

Referance Phase
0° (AM)

Variable Phase
0° (FM)

φ φ
N
φ
Referance Phase Referance Phase
0° (AM)
0° (AM)
φ
W E
φ
Variable Phase Variable Phase
270° S 90°
(FM) φ (FM)
φφ
φ

Referance Phase
0° (AM)

Variable Phase
180°
(FM)
AM/FM Signals Detected by Receiver

• Bearing = Phase Difference (FM 30Hz – AM 30Hz)

VARIABLE FM
SUBCARRIER

REFERENCE AM
SIGNAL

DETECTED 30Hz
AM REFERENCE

DETECTED 30Hz
FM VARIABLE
DME Antenna
Distance Calculation
The Aircraft Interrogator transmits an
omnidrectional interrogation.

The Interrogation travels

At the speed of light.

The Replay travels

At the speed of light.

Total travel time - 50μs

Distance =
(Slant) 12.36μs/NM

Internal delay 50μs(X CH)