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• Cardiac tamponade
• Decreased cardiac output
• forced exhalation
• Heart failure
• Hypervolemia
• Mechanical ventilation and the application of positive
end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
• Pleural effusion
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Pulmonary Hypertension
• Tension pneumothorax
Factors that decrease CVP include:
• Deep inhalation
• Distributive shock
• Hypovolemia
How to measure the CVP ?
• The CVP can be measured either manually
using a manometer or electronically using a
transducer.
• The CVP must be ‘zeroed’ at the level of the
right atrium.
• Taken to be the level of the 4th intercostal
space in the mid-axillary line while the patient
is lying supine.
How to measure the CVP ?
1. Using the manometer.
• 3-way tap is used to connect
the manometer to an
intravenous drip set on one
side, and, via extension tubing
filled with intravenous fluid, to
the patient on the other .
• It is important to ensure that
there are no air bubbles in the
tubing, to avoid administering
an air embolus to the patient.
• check that the CVP catheter
tubing is not kinked or blocked
Using the manometer.