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GENERATED EMF EQUATION OF A DC GENERATOR

E= PNZΦ
60a
Where:
E= generated emf (volt)
P= number of poles
N= speed of armature core rotation (rpm)
Z= total number of elements or conductor
Φ= Flux per pole (weber)
a= number of armature current paths
Total number of elements or conductors (Z)

Z = (elements/slot)(total number of slots)

-Minimum number of elements or conductor


per slot (if not specified)
Types of Winding Elements per slot

Simplex 2

Duplex 4

Triplex 6

Quadruplex 8
Number of Brushes (N)

N(lap) = P ; N(wave) = 2
P = number of poles

Number of commutator segments (Nc)

Nc = Z
2
Z= Total number of elements or conductor
Number of armature current paths (a):

a(lap) = mP a(wave) = 2m

Where
P= number of poles
m= multiplicity factor
= 1, for simplex winding
= 2, for duplex winding ……… etc
Sample Problem
1. If the armature of eight-pole machine were
wound with a simplex wave winding, how
many parallel paths would there be? ANS: 2
paths

2. A duplex lap wound, four-pole dc generator


has 120 slots and four elements per slot.
How many commutator segments are there?
ANS: 240 segments
3. A four-pole, DC generator with lap winding has
48 slots and 4 elements per slot. How many coils
does it have? Assume one conductor per coil side.
ANS: 96 coils
Note : One conductor per coil side means two conductor
or elements per coil.

4. A 4-pole DC generator with duplex lap winding


has 48 slots and 4 elements per slot. The flux per
pole is 2.5 x 10^6 maxwells and it runs at 1500
rpm. What is the output voltage? ANS: 60 volts
5. A 4-pole dc generator with simplex wave winding
has 72 slots. The flux per pole is 2.88x10^6
maxwells. What is the speed of the prime mover
when the open circuit voltage of the generator is
120 volts? ANS: 868 rpm

6. An 80-kw four pole generator has an armature


containing 66 slots, in each of which are 12
conductors. The armature winding is connected so
that there are six parallel paths. If each pole
produce 2.3 x 10^6 maxwells and the armature
speed is 800 rpm, determine the generated voltage.
7. How many armature conductors are there in a
generator, given the following information: Φ
=2.5 x10^6 maxwells; P= 4 ; a=2; rpm=1400, Eg =
220V ANS: 189
A dc generator is driven at a speed of 1000 rpm
and generates 120 volts. Determine the
generated emf if the speed is reduced to 900
rpm while the flux is increased by 25 percent.
ANS. 135V

- After the machine has been assembled, “ PZ


and a” are constant.
Types of Generator According to Excitation
Separately Excited
The field windings of the generator is excited from a separate
source usually a battery
Self – Excited
The field windings of the generator is supplied or excited from its own
generated emf.
Shunt Generator
The armature coils and the shunt field coils are connected in parallel
Series Generator
The armature coils and the series field coils
are connected in series
Where:
E = generated emf (volt)
VL = load or terminal voltage (volt)
Pg = power generated in the armature (watt)
Ra = armature equivalent resistance (ohm)
Rsh = shunt field resistance (ohm)
Ia = armature current (ampere)
Ish = shunt field current (ampere)
IL = load current (ampere)
Rse = series field resistance (ohm)
Ise = series field current (ampere)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A DC generator has no-load output voltage of
120 volts. Its armature circuit resistance is 0.95
ohm its field coils are separately energized. If
the load is rated 2000W at 115V. Neglecting the
effect of armature reaction, what power could
be delivered to the load ? ANS: 1667.286 watts
SAMPLE PROBLEM
2. A 200V, 20 kW shunt generator has an
equivalent armature resistance of 0.05 ohm and
a shunt field resistance of 200 ohms. Determine
the power developed in the armature when it
delivers full load.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
3. A dc series generator is supplying a current of
10 A to a load through a feeder of total
resistance, 1.5 ohm. The generated voltage is
550 volts. The armature and series field
resistances are respectively 0.5 and 0.6 ohms
respectively. Determine the voltage
a. at the terminals of the generator
b. at the feeder
Long-Shunt Compound Generator
The series field coils are connected in series with the armature coils while
the shunt field coils are connected across the series combination.
Short-Shunt Compound Generator
The series field coils are connected in series with the load while the shunt
field coils are connected in parallel with the armature coils.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
4. A 20 kW, 400 V long shunt compound
generator has an armature, shunt and series
field resistances of 0.1 ohm, 80 ohms and 0.06
ohm respectively. Determine the generated emf.
Assume a brush contact drop 1 V per brush.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
5. A compound dynamo supplies a load of 20
kW at 400 V through a feeder having a
resistance equal to 0.1 ohm. The shunt and
series field resistances are 85 ohms and 0.06
ohm respectively. Determine the total
electromotive force when the generator is
connected short shunt. Assume a brush contact
drop of 1 V per brush and an armature
resistance of 0.1 ohm.
Voltage Regulation
Percent voltage regulation is the percentage rise
in the terminal voltage of a generator, when its
load is removed.

%VR = [ (VNL - VFL ) / VFL ] x 100%


Where:
VNL = no – load terminal voltage
VFL = full – load terminal voltage
SAMPLE PROBLEM
6. A 25kW 220 V shunt generator has a
regulation of 8.2%
- What will be the terminal voltage of the
generator at no load?

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