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11 COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING GOALS
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Determine the number of units sold to break
even or earn a targeted profit.
2. Calculate the amount of revenue required to
break even or earn a targeted profit.
3. Apply cost-volume-profit analysis in a
multiple-product setting.
Continued
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
4. Prepare a profit-volume graph & a cost-
volume-profit graph, and explain the
meaning of each.
5. Explain the impact of risk, uncertainty, &
changing variables on cost-volume-profit
analysis.
6. Discuss the impact of activity-based costing
on cost-volume-profit analysis.
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Questions to Think About
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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
McFarland’s Fine Foods
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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
McFarland’s Fine Foods
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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
McFarland’s Fine Foods
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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT:
McFarland’s Fine Foods
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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LO 1
COST-VOLUME-PROFIT (CVP)
CVP expresses:
# units that must be sold to break even
Impact of a given reduction in fixed costs on
break-even point
Impact of an increase in price on profit
Sensitivity analysis of impact of various price or
cost levels on profit
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LO 1
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LO 1
UNIT: Examples
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LO 1
Operating Income
= Sales revenue
– Variable expenses
– Fixed expenses
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LO 1
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LO 1
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LO 1
FORMULA: Break-Even
Break-even is 0 profit.
Break-even:
0 = Sales revenue – Variable expenses – Fixed
expenses
0 = ($400 x Units) – ($325 x Units) - $45,000
($75 x Units) = $45,000
Units = 600
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LO 1
√Check-up on break-even
Sales (600 units @ $400) $ 240,000
Less: Variable expenses 195,000
Contribution margin $ 45,000
Less: Fixed expenses 45,000
Operating income $ 0
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LO 1
CONTRIBUTION MARGIN:
Definition
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LO 1
FORMULA: Break-Even
Break-even units:
# Units = Fixed cost / Unit contribution margin
# Units = $45,000 / ($400 - $325)
= 600
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LO 1
√Check-up on break-even
Sales (600 units @ $400) $ 240,000
Less: Variable expenses 195,000
Contribution margin $ 45,000
Less: Fixed expenses 45,000
Operating income $ 0
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LO 1
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LO 1
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LO 1
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LO 1
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LO 1
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LO 1
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
2 revenue required to
break even or earn a
targeted profit.
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LO 2
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LO 2
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LO 2
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LO 2
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LO 2
Apply cost-volume-
3 profit analysis in a
multiple-product setting.
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LO 3
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LO 3
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LO 3
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LO 3
Is the relative
combination of products
being sold.
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LO 3
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LO 3
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LO 3
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LO 3
BREAK-EVEN SOLUTION
Mulching mower sales =
$400 x 3 x 154 packages.
EXHIBIT 11-1
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LO 3
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LO 3
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Prepare a profit-volume
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LO 4
PROFIT-VOLUME GRAPH
EXHIBIT 11-2
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LO 4
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LO 4
COST-PROFIT-VOLUME
GRAPH
EXHIBIT 11-3
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LO 4
ASSUMPTIONS OF CVP
CVP analysis assumes
Linear revenue & cost functions
Price, total fixed costs, & unit variable costs can
be accurately identified & remain constant over the
relevant range
What is produced is sold
Sales mix is known
Selling prices & costs are known with certainty
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LO 4
COST-PROFIT-VOLUME GRAPH
EXHIBIT 11-4a
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LO 4
COST-PROFIT-VOLUME GRAPH
Yes. CVP will apply so
long as the cost &
revenue functions are
approximately linear over
the relevant range.
EXHIBIT 11-4b
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
5 changing variables on
cost-volume-profit
analysis.
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LO 5
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LO 5
ALTERNATIVES
For the mulching mower are:
#1 If advertising expenditures increase by $8,000,
sales will increase from 1,600 to 1,725 mowers.
#2 A price decrease from $400 to $375 per mower
will increase sales from 1,600 to 1,900.
#3 Decreasing price to $375 and increasing
advertising expenditures by $8,000 will increase
sales from 1,600 to 2,600 mowers.
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LO 5
ALTERNATIVE #1
Increasing
advertising
increases profit
by $1,325.
EXHIBIT 11-5 56
LO 5
ALTERNATIVE #2
Decreasing price
decreases profit
by $25,000.
EXHIBIT 11-6
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LO 5
ALTERNATIVE #3
The combination of
increasing advertising
& decreasing price
increases profit by
$2,000.
EXHIBIT 11-7
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LO 5
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LO 5
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LO 5
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LO 5
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LO 5
OPERATING LEVERAGE:
Definition
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LO 5
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS:
Definition
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LO 5
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Under 2 systems, the same
change in price will have
different effects on elements
of CVP, & response to risk
& uncertainty.
EXHIBIT 11-8
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
6 activity-based costing on
cost-volume-profit
analysis.
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LO 6
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LO 6
Break-even =
[Fixed cost + (Unit VC x # Units)
+ (Setup cost x # Setups)
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LO 6
# Units
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LO 6
# Units
= [Targeted income + ABC Fixed cost +
(Setup cost x # Setups) +
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LO 6
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CHAPTER 11
THE END
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