Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Most common:
• Sodium hydroxide NaOH (aq)
• Potassium hydroxide KOH (aq)
• Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (aq)
• Ammonia NH3 (aq)
INDICATORS
• Indicators is substance that can indicates whether something is an acid or an
alkali.
Example of indicators:
Indicators Colour in acid Colour in alkali
Litmus red blue
Phenolphthalein pink
Methyl orange red yellow
NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES
• Neutral substances are a substances that are not acids or alkalis.
• Examples: pure water, aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, sugar.
THE pH SCALE
UNIVERSAL INDICATOR PAPER
• Universal indicator is a paper with a mixture of dye. Like litmus, it can be used as a
solution, or a paper strip.
REACTIONS OF ACID
ACID
BASE
AMMONIUM Example: NH4Cl,
SALT NH4Br, (NH4)2SO4
REACTION OF BASE WITH AMMONIUM SALT
(BASE + AMMONIUM SALT → SALT + WATER + AMMONIA)
NEUTRALIZATION
USES OF NEUTRALIZATION
• Reduce acidicity in soil by adding lime (CaCO3), limestone (CaO) or slaked lime
(Ca(OH)2)
• Treat gastric patient
• To prevent tooth decay