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Audit Planning and

Analytical Procedures

Chapter 8

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-1


Learning Objective 1

Discuss why adequate audit


planning is essential.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-2


Tiga Alasan Utama
Perencanaan
1. Untuk mendapatkan bukti kompeten yang
cukup untuk keadaan

2. Untuk membantu menjaga Audit biaya yang


wajar

3. Untuk menghindari kesalahpahaman


dengan klien

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-3


Risk Terms
 Acceptable audit risk

 Inherent risk

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-4


Perencanaan Audit dan
Perancangan Pendekatan Audit
Terima klien dan melakukan perencanaan audit awall.

Memahami bisnis klien dan industri.

Menilai klien risiko bisnis.

Lakukan prosedur analitis awal.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-5


Perencanaan Audit dan
Perancangan Pendekatan Aud
Set materialitas dan menilai risiko audit yang dapat
Diterima dan risiko yang melekat.

Memahami pengendalian intern dan menilai risiko kontr

Mengumpulkan informasi untuk menilai risiko kecurang

Mengembangkan rencana audit keseluruhan dan progr

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-6


Learning Objective 2

Make client acceptance decisions


and perform initial audit planning.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-7


Mengembangkan rencana audit
keseluruhan dan audit program
 Client acceptance and continuance

 Identify client’s reasons for audit

 Obtain an understanding with the client

 Develop overall audit strategy

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-8


Learning Objective 3

Gain an understanding of the


client’s business and industry.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8-9


Understanding of the Client’s
Business and Industry
Faktor-faktor yang telah meningkatkan
pentingnya memahami
bisnis klien dan industrynya :

 Information technology
 Global operations

 Human capital

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 10


Understanding of the Client’s
Business and Industry
Understand client’s business and industry

Industry and external environment

Business operations and processes

Management and governance

Objectives and strategies

Measurement and performance


©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 11
Industry and External
Environment
Alasan untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang
industri klien dan lingkungan eksternal:

1. Risiko yang terkait dengan industri tertentu


2. Risiko Inherent umum untuk semua klien di
industri tertentu
3. persyaratan akuntansi Unik

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 12


Business Operations
and Processes
Faktor auditor harus memahami:

 sumber utama pendapatan


pelanggan utama dan pemasok
Sumber pembiayaan
Informasi tentang pihak terkait

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 13


Tour the Plant and Offices
Dengan melihat fasilitas fisik,
auditor dapat menilai fisik
pengamanan atas aset dan menafsirkan
data akuntansi yang terkait dengan aset.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 14


Identify Related Parties
Sebuah pihak terkait didefinisikan sebagai
Afiliasi perusahaan, pemilik utama klien
perusahaan, atau pihak lain dengan klien
yang deal , di mana salah satu pihak
dapat mempengaruhi manajemen atau
kebijakan lainnya.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 15


Management and Governance

Manajemen menetapkan strategi dan


proses-proses diikuti oleh bisnis klien.

Tata Kelola termasuk klien organisasi


struktur, serta kegiatan dewan
direksi dan komite audit.

 Corporate charter and bylaws


 Code of ethics
 Meeting minutes
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 16
Code of Ethics
Dalam menanggapi Sarbanes-Oxley Act, SEC
sekarang mengharuskan setiap perusahaan publik
untuk mengungkapkan apakah ini telah
mengadopsi kode etik yangberlaku untuk
manajemen senior.

SEC juga mengharuskan perusahaan untuk mengung


Perubahan dan keringanan ke kode etik.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 17


Tujuan klien dan Strategi

Strategi pendekatan yang diikuti oleh


entitas untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi.

Auditor harus memahami tujuan klien.

 Financial reporting reliability


 Effectiveness and efficiency of operations
 Compliance with laws and regulations

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 18


Pengukuran dan Kinerja

sistem pengukuran kinerja klien


mencakup indikator kinerja utama. contoh:

 market share  Web site visitors


 sales per employee  same-store sales
 unit sales growth  sales/square foot

pengukuran kinerja meliputi analisis rasio


dan benchmarking terhadap pesaing utama

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 19


Learning Objective 4

Assess client business risk.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 20


Assess Client Business Risk

Risiko bisnis klien adalah risiko bahwa


klien akan gagal mencapai tujuannya.

 Apa perhatian utama auditor?


 salah saji material dalam laporan
Keuangan karena risiko bisnis klien

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 21


Bisnis, Risiko, dan Risiko Klien
Salah Saji Material
Industry and external environment
Understand client’s
business and industry
Business operations and processes

Management and governance


Assess client business
risk
Objectives and strategies

Assess risk of material Measurement and performance


misstatements

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 22


Sarbanes-Oxley (new title)

Sarbanes-Oxley Act mensyaratkan bahwa


manajemen menyatakan telah dirancang
pengendalian dan prosedur pengungkapan untuk
memastikan bahwa informasi material tentang
risiko bisnis dibuat dikenal kepada mereka.

Hal ini juga mensyaratkan bahwa manajemen ser


itu telah menginformasikan auditor dan audit yang
Panitia dari setiap kekurangan yang signifikan
dalam pengendalian internal.
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 23
Enterprise Risk Management

manajemen risiko perusahaan (ERM) memiliki


sesuatusebagai paradigma baru untuk mengelola
risiko.

ERM mengintegrasikan dan mengkoordinasikan


risiko manajemen di seluruh perusahaan.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 24


Learning Objective 5

Perform preliminary analytical


procedures.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 25


Preliminary Analytical
Procedures
Perbandingan rasio klien untuk industri
atau benchmark pesaing memberikan
indikasi kinerja perusahaan.

tes awal dapat mengungkapkan biasa


perubahan rasio.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 26


Examples of Planning
Analytical Procedures
Selected Ratios Client Industry
Short-term debt-paying ability:
Current ratio 3.86 5.20
Liquidity activity ratio:
Inventory turnover 3.36 5.20
Ability to meet long-term obligations:
Debt to equity 1.73 2.51
Profitability ratio:
Profit margin 0.05 0.07
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 27
Ringkasan bagian dari
Perencanaan Audit

Tujuan utama adalah untuk memperoleh


pemahaman dari bisnis klien dan industri

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 28


Bagian utama dari
Perencanaan
Accept client and perform initial planning

 Bagian utama dari Perencanaan

 Mengidentifikasi alasan klien untuk audit

 Memperoleh pemahaman dengan klien

 Staff dalam penugasan

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 29


Bagian utama dari perencanaan

Understand the client’s business and industry

 Memahami industri klien dan eksternal


lingkungan Hidup

 Memahami operasi klien, strategi,


dan sistem kinerja

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 30


Bagian utama dari perencanaan

 Menilai klien risiko bisnis

 Mengevaluasi pengendalian manajemen


mempengaruhi risiko bisnis
 Menilai risiko dari salah saji material

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 31


Key Parts of Planning

Perform preliminary analytical procedures

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 32


Learning Objective 6

State the purposes of analytical


procedures and the timing
of each purpose.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 33


Analytical Procedures
SAS 56 empha SAS 56 menekankan harapan
dikembangkan oleh auditor. sizes the expectations
developed by the auditor.

1.Diperlukan dalam tahap perencanaan


2. Sering dilakukan selama fase pengujian
3.Diperlukan selama fase penyelesaian

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 34


Timing and Purposes of
Analytical Procedures
(Required) (Required)
Planning Testing Completion
Purpose Phase Phase Phase
Understand client’s Primary
industry and business purpose
Assess going concern Secondary Secondary
purpose purpose
Indicate possible Primary Secondary Primary
misstatements
(attention directing) purpose purpose purpose
Reduce detailed tests Secondary Primary
purpose purpose

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 35


Learning Objective 7

Select the most appropriate


analytical procedure from
among the five major types.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 36


Five Types of Analytical
Procedures
Compare client data with:

1. 1. Data Industri
2. data yang sama dengan sebelum periode
3. Klien memutussakan hasil yang diharapkan
2. 4. Auditor memutuskan hasil yang diharapkan
3. 5. Hasil yang diharapkan menggunakan
4. data non finansial.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 37


Compare Client and Industry
Data
Client Industry
2007 2006 2007 2006
Inventory turnover 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.4
Gross margin 26.3% 26.4% 27.3% 26.2%

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 38


Compare Client Data with
Similar Prior Period Data
2007 2006
(000) % of (000) % of
Prelim. Net sales Prelim. Net sales

Net sales $143,086 100.0 $131,226 100.0


Cost of goods sold 103,241 72.1 94,876 72.3
Gross profit $ 39,845 27.9 $ 36,350 27.7
Selling expense 14,810 10.3 12,899 9.8
Administrative expense 17,665 12.4 16,757 12.8
Other 1,689 1.2 2,035 1.6
Earnings before taxes $ 5,681 4.0 $ 4,659 3.5
Income taxes 1,747 1.2 1,465 1.1
Net income $ 3,934 2.8 $ 3,194 2.4

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 39


Learning Objective 8

Compute common financial ratios.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 40


Common Financial Ratios

 Short-term debt-paying ability

 Liquidity activity ratios

 Ability to meet long-term debt obligations

 Profitability ratios

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 41


Short-term Debt-paying Ability

(Cash + Marketable securities)


Cash ratio =
Current liabilities

(Cash + Marketable securities


Quick ratio = + Net accounts receivable)
Current liabilities

Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 42


Liquidity Activity Ratios

Accounts receivable Net sales


=
turnover Average gross receivables
Days to collect 365 days
=
receivable Accounts receivable turnover
Inventory Cost of goods sold
=
turnover Average inventory
Days to sell 365 days
=
inventory Inventory turnover
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 43
Ability to Meet Long-term Debt
Obligation
Total liabilities
Debt to equity =
Total equity

Times interest Operating income


=
earned Interest expense

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 44


Profitability Ratios

Earnings Net income


=
per share Average common shares outstanding

Gross profit (Net sales – Cost of goods sold)


=
percent Net sales

Operating income
Profit margin =
Net sales

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 45


Profitability Ratios

Return on Income before taxes


=
assets Average total assets

Return on (Income before taxes


common = – Preferred dividends)
equity Average stockholders’ equity

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 46


Summary of Analytical
Procedures
Mereka melibatkan perhitungan rasio
dan perbandingan lain dicatat
sebesar harapan auditor

Mereka digunakan dalam perencanaan untuk


memahami bisnis klien dan industri.

Mereka digunakan di seluruh audit untuk mengidenti


mungkin salah saji, mengurangi tes rinci,
dan untuk menilai masalah going concern.
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 47
End of Chapter 8

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 8 - 48

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