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4 RATES OF CHANGE
RATES OF CHANGE
Example 1:
Find
If r is the rate ofinchange
measured inches of
andthe Area
A is of a circle
measured with
in square
respectwhat
inches, to itsunits
radius.
would be appropriate for dA/dr?
A r 2 in2/in
ds
v
dt
Speed is the absolute value of velocity.
MOTION
2
d s
a 2
dt
EXAMPLE
A particle moves along a line so that its position at any time
t ≥ 0 is given by the function s(t) = 2t2 – 5t + 3 where s is
measured in meters and t is measured in seconds.
a.) Find the displacement of the particle during the first 2 seconds.
s s (2) s (0) 1 3 2 meters
b.) Find the average velocity of the particle during the first 6
seconds.
s (6) s (0) 45 3 42
vavg 7 meters
60 60 6 second
EXAMPLE
A particle moves along a line so that its position at any time
t ≥ 0 is given by the function s(t) = 2t2 – 5t + 3 where s is
measured in meters and t is measured in seconds.
c.) Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at 6 seconds.
m
velocity s' (t ) 4t 5 t 6 19
s
d.) Find the acceleration of the particle when t = 6.
m
acceleration s ' ' (t ) v' (t ) 4 t 6 4 2
s
EXAMPLE
A particle moves along a line so that its position at any time
t ≥ 0 is given by the function s(t) = 2t2 – 5t + 3 where s is
measured in meters and t is measured in seconds.
e.) When does the particle change directions?
v(t ) 0
4t 5 0
5
t seconds
4
It is important to understand the relationship between a position graph, velocity
and acceleration:
time
FREE-FALL
Gravitational
Constants: Free-fall equation:
1 2
g 32
ft
s gt
sec 2 2
m
g 9.8
sec 2 s is the position at any time t during the fall
16t (10 t ) 0
16t 0 10 t 0
t 0 (when blast occurs) t 10 (when rock hits ground)
Since it takes 10 seconds for the rock to hit the ground, it
takes it 5 seconds to reach it max height.
s(5) 160(t ) 16(5) 2 400 feet
VERTICAL MOTION
Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
a.) How high does the rock go?
Find when velocity = 0 (this is when the rock changes direction)
v(t ) 160 32t 0
t 5
s(5) 160(5) 16(5) 2 400 feet
VERTICAL MOTION
Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
b.) What is the velocity and speed of the rock when it is 256 ft
above the ground on the way up?
At what time is the rock 256 ft above the ground on the way up?
s(t ) 256 160t 16t 2 t 2 0 t 8 0
16t 2 160t 256 0 t 2 t 8
16(t 2 10t 16) 0 v(t ) 160 32t
16(t 2)(t 8) 0
m m
v(2) 96 speed velo 96
s s
VERTICAL MOTION
Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
b.) What is the velocity and speed of the rock when it is 256 ft
above the ground on the way down?
At what time is the rock 256 ft above the ground on the way down?
s(t ) 256 160t 16t 2 t 2 0 t 8 0
16t 2 160t 256 0 t 2 t 8
16(t 2 10t 16) 0 v(t ) 160 32t
16(t 2)(t 8) 0
m m
v(8) 96 speed velo 96
s s
VERTICAL MOTION
Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
c.) What is the acceleration of the rock at any time t at any time
t during its flight?
feet
a(t ) 32
sec 2
from Economics:
Marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function, and
represents an approximation of the cost of producing one more
unit.