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3.

4 RATES OF CHANGE
RATES OF CHANGE
 Example 1:
 Find
If r is the rate ofinchange
measured inches of
andthe Area
A is of a circle
measured with
in square
respectwhat
inches, to itsunits
radius.
would be appropriate for dA/dr?
A  r 2 in2/in

These are units,


dA so we do not
 2r cancel them!!!
dr
 Evaluate the rate of change of A at r = 5 and r = 10.
dA dA
 2 (5)  10  2 (10)  20
dr dr
MOTION
 Displacement of an object is how far an object
has moved over time.
s  f (t  t )  f (t )

 Average velocity is the slope of a displacement


vs. time graph.
d s1  s2
vavg  
t t1  t 2
MOTION
 Instantaneous Velocity is the velocity at a
certain point.
 Instantaneous Velocity is the first derivative of the
position function.

ds
v
dt
 Speed is the absolute value of velocity.
MOTION

 Acceleration is the rate at which a particle’s


velocity changes.
 Measures how quickly the body picks up or loses
speed.
 2nd derivative of the position function!!!

2
d s
a 2
dt
EXAMPLE
 A particle moves along a line so that its position at any time
t ≥ 0 is given by the function s(t) = 2t2 – 5t + 3 where s is
measured in meters and t is measured in seconds.
a.) Find the displacement of the particle during the first 2 seconds.
s  s (2)  s (0)  1  3  2 meters

b.) Find the average velocity of the particle during the first 6
seconds.
s (6)  s (0) 45  3 42
vavg     7 meters
60 60 6 second
EXAMPLE
 A particle moves along a line so that its position at any time
t ≥ 0 is given by the function s(t) = 2t2 – 5t + 3 where s is
measured in meters and t is measured in seconds.
c.) Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at 6 seconds.
m
velocity  s' (t )  4t  5 t 6  19
s
d.) Find the acceleration of the particle when t = 6.
m
acceleration  s ' ' (t )  v' (t )  4 t 6 4 2
s
EXAMPLE
 A particle moves along a line so that its position at any time
t ≥ 0 is given by the function s(t) = 2t2 – 5t + 3 where s is
measured in meters and t is measured in seconds.
e.) When does the particle change directions?
v(t )  0
4t  5  0
5
t  seconds
4
It is important to understand the relationship between a position graph, velocity
and acceleration:

acc neg acc neg


vel pos & vel neg &
decreasing decreasing acc zero
vel neg &
acc zero constant
vel pos &
constant acc pos
distance
vel neg &
increasing
velocity
acc pos
zero
vel pos &
increasing
acc zero,
velocity zero

time
FREE-FALL
Gravitational
Constants: Free-fall equation:
1 2
g  32
ft
s  gt
sec 2 2
m
g  9.8
sec 2 s is the position at any time t during the fall

g is the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity


cm
g  980 (gravitational constant)
sec2
VERTICAL MOTION
 Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
a.) How high does the rock go?
Find when position = 0 and divide by 2 (symmetric path)
s(t )  160t  16t  0
2

16t (10  t )  0
16t  0 10  t  0
t  0 (when blast occurs) t  10 (when rock hits ground)
Since it takes 10 seconds for the rock to hit the ground, it
takes it 5 seconds to reach it max height.
s(5)  160(t )  16(5) 2  400 feet
VERTICAL MOTION
 Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
a.) How high does the rock go?
Find when velocity = 0 (this is when the rock changes direction)
v(t )  160  32t  0
t 5
s(5)  160(5)  16(5) 2  400 feet
VERTICAL MOTION
 Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
b.) What is the velocity and speed of the rock when it is 256 ft
above the ground on the way up?
At what time is the rock 256 ft above the ground on the way up?
s(t )  256  160t  16t 2 t 2  0 t 8  0
16t 2  160t  256  0 t 2 t 8
16(t 2  10t  16)  0 v(t )  160  32t
16(t  2)(t  8)  0
m m
v(2)  96 speed  velo  96
s s
VERTICAL MOTION
 Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
b.) What is the velocity and speed of the rock when it is 256 ft
above the ground on the way down?
At what time is the rock 256 ft above the ground on the way down?
s(t )  256  160t  16t 2 t 2  0 t 8  0
16t 2  160t  256  0 t 2 t 8
16(t 2  10t  16)  0 v(t )  160  32t
16(t  2)(t  8)  0
m m
v(8)  96 speed  velo  96
s s
VERTICAL MOTION
 Example: A dynamite blast propels a heavy rock straight
up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a
height of s = 160t – 16t2 ft after t seconds.
c.) What is the acceleration of the rock at any time t at any time
t during its flight?

feet
a(t )  32
sec 2
from Economics:
Marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function, and
represents an approximation of the cost of producing one more
unit.

Marginal revenue is the first derivative of the revenue function,


and represents an approximation of the revenue of selling one
more unit.

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