Echo Sounders

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyalı

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Content:
1-Introduction
2-Basic Principle
3-What is sound?
4-Propogation of sound:
5-Number of oscilations
6-Velocity of Sound
7-Forms of the transmitted acoustic energy
8-The transducer:
9- Displays:
10-Controls of echo sounders
11-Maintanence

Annex:Furuno FE-700 Echo- Sounder 2

1- Introduction
The echo sounder is a timing and display system which
makes use of a transmitter and a receiver to measure the depth of
water beneath a vessel

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2-Basic Pinciple:

If the velocity of sound in water is kmown and the time

interval betwen the transmission of a pulse and the
reception of an echo from the sea bed is measured, then the
depth of water can be determined

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An echo-sounding system consists of;
1-a transmitter,
2-a receiver that picks up the reflected echo,
3-electronic timing and amplification equipment,
4-an indicator or graphic recorder.

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 Echo Sounder Components

Creates the electrical

Signal at the desired Boosts the signal to
frequency a usable level

Converts the
electrical signal
into ultrasonic
vibrations for
transmission

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Sonic Wave

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Specular and Diffuse Reflection

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Radar, uses electromagnetic vawes

Echo-sounder, uses sound vawes

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3-What is sound?

Sound is not a thing, nor is it matter.

It is a process of oscillation or vibration.

It is produce by a sound generator such as... Horn,

musical instrument, which puts adjoining particles of
the ambient medium (gases, fluids or solid bodies) into
vibration.

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 4-Propogation of sound:
When a particle is induced to oscillate, it pushes or
pulls its neighbors and transmits the oscillating energy
to them.
In this way the oscillation spreads from particle to
particle, in every direction, without the particles
changing their location. Thus in sound propagation, it
is the energy that is transported, not mass.

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5-Number of oscilations
Frequency:The number of oscillations ,or the number
of vawes produced in one second.
-1000 oscillations or cycles are called one kilocyle
-The human ear senses oscillations between about 16
and 20000 cycles per second.
-Oscillations theat have a frequency of more than
20000 c/s ,whisch the human ear does not hear are
termed Ultrasound.
In echo sounding “ultrasound” is used.
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6-Velocity of Sound
Velocity of sound vawe is different in each medium.
In water(fluid) sound propagated more quickly than air.
In steel it propagated more quickly than water.
No sound is propagated in a vacum.

Air 1000 feet /sec

Water 4500 feet/sec

Iron 15300feet/sec
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Distance travelled =(velocityX Time)/2

Velocity=1500m/s in salt water

Time=time taken for the return journey in seconds
Distance=depth beneath the transducer in metres.

************************************************
Time=1 second, depth=750 m,
Time=0.1 second, depth=75 m.
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7-Forms of the transmitted acoustic energy
1- A continous vawe system,
-needs two transducers,
-phase difference between the transmitted and returnde
signals is used to calculate the depth
2-The pulse system,
-rapid ,short,high intensitypulses are transmitted and
received by a single transducer.
-is used widely

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8-The Transducer:
The transducer is a converter of energy

Types of transducers:
1-Magnetostrictive
2-Electrostrictive

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1- Magnetostrictive Transducer:
-a bar of ferromagnetic material is wounded by acoil..
-A large current is passed through the coil resulting
magnetic field produced.
-this will couse the bar to change in length
-Nickel is used.

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2- Electrostrictive Transducer
(Piezo-electric)
Certain materials such as Rochelle salt and quartz,
exhibitpressure electric effects when they are subjected
to mechanical stress.

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9- Displays:

1-The chart recorder:

-provide a past record of depth
indication.

IMO resolution A224(VII) performance

standards for echo sounding equipment

“The primary presentationshould be a

graphical display which provides the
immediate depth and a visible record
of sounding.

The record should show at least

15 minute of soundings.”
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When an electrical current
is sent for transmission,
a stylus conduct conducts an
electrical current through
the paper to the metal desk.
The electrical chargeburns
a nonconductive coating
off the special paper,
leaving a trace on the graph.
When signal returns,the
stylus once again passes an
electrical charge through
the paper to the metal desk,
leaving a second trave on
the graph
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2- The Digital Display:
Unable to provide a past record of depth indication.

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3- The Rotating l.e.d. Display

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4- Visual Display Unit (VDU)
Echoes are processed and digitized, and displayed in
many different colours and arrangements.the calour is a
function of echo intensity

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Most echo sounders are capable of indicating depth in
Fathoms, Feet or Meters

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10-Controls of Echo Sounders.

Illumination Control.
The illumination control provides continuous regulation of
the illumination of the echogram and the front panel
controls.

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Receiver Gain Control.
This control regulates the amplification of the received
signals.

Correct setting: Turn the knob clockwise until a stable

depth indication is obtained on the digital depth indicator.
If the setting is too low the depth-indicator will start
blinking. Too high setting may result in false depth
indication from air bubbles, plankton layers, side lobes,
etc. By turning the control fully anti-clockwise the echo-
sounder is switched off.

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Range Selector.
This control selects the basic ranges according to the table
given under technical specifications. In position 0 the
recorder is switched off and the depth will be shown only
on the digital depth indicator. The depth warning and any
remote depth indicators will be operational

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11-Maintenance:
The transducers must not be painted,sanded and scrapped

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Furuno FE-700 Echo- Sounder

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The FE-700 Furuno
-The 6.5" high-brightness TFT color LCD display

-The displayed record is visible for 15 min on any range

and an instantaneous sounding is directly shown in large
numerals in addition to the graphical display.

-Depths, associated time, and position are stored for 24 h

in memory. The data can be played back at any time.

-Visual and audible alarms are generated when the

water depth below transducer is shallower than a user-
preset depth.
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-The transducer is available in 200 kHz or 50 kHz.
The 200 kHz system is advantageous in rough weather or
congested waterways in shallow waters whereas the 50 kHz
system is recommended for deeper range operation.
-Depth data can be output in IEC 61162 format to radar,
ECDIS, VDR (Voyage Data Recorder), and other radio
communication and navigation equipment.
Range: 2500 feet
Output power:600 watt

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Multiple echoes

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