DJJ 3213 MATERIAL SCIENCE DAD4B

SYNOPSIS

MATERIAL SCIENCE provides students with an understanding of material science and

engineering which emphasizes on atomic and crystal structure, material properties
and behaviour including material classification and its application in the engineering
field. The topic also covers the processes of metal work used to produce engineering
components and apply basic principles of material testing and processing through
practical.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:-

Explain the fundamental of material science including identification of various types

of materials, mechanical behavior, metal production processes, and various principles
of material testing. (C3, PLO1)
Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the Standard Operating
Procedures. (P4, PLO4)
Demonstrate ability to work in team to complete assigned tasks during practical work
sessions. (A3, PLO7)
TOPICS
INTRODUCTION
TO MATERIAL
SCIENCE

MATERIAL MATERIAL
TESTING STRUCTURE AND
BONDING

HEAT MATERIAL MATERIAL

PROPERTIES AND
TREATMENT
SCIENCE BEHAVIOUR

SOLID SOLUTION
MATERIAL AND
PROCESSING EQUILIBRIUM
PHASE DIAGRAM

METAL ALLOYS
PRACTICAL
PRACTICAL
ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION TABLE (AST)
REFERENCES
Main:
Callister, W.D., Material Science and Engineering an Introduction

Additional:
K.G.Budinski & M.K Budinski (1999). Engineering Materials (6th ed). New Jersey,
US:Prentice-Hall.
R.L Timings. (1998). Engineering Materials (2th ed). Singapore: Longman.
William F. Smith & Javad Hashemi (2009). Foundations of Materials Science and
Engineering (5th edition). McGraw Hill, USA.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL
SCIENCE
OBJECTIVE :

 Explain the fundamental of material science

 Identify these following materials classification
 Metals
 Polymers
 Ceramics
 Composites
 Advanced materials
 Biomaterials
 Semiconductor
 Nanoengineered materials
 Smart materials
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
Materials are so important in the development of civilization that we associate Ages
with them.
In the origin of human life on Earth, the Stone Age, people used only natural
materials, like stone, clay, skins, and wood.
When people found copper and how to make it harder by alloying, the Bronze Age
started about 3000 BC.
The use of iron and steel, a stronger material that gave advantage in wars started at
about 1200 BC.
The next big step was the discovery of a cheap process to make steel around 1850,
which enabled the railroads and the building of the modern infrastructure of the
industrial world.
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
Understanding of how materials behave like they do, and why they differ in
properties was only possible with the atomistic understanding allowed by quantum
mechanics, that first explained atoms and then solids starting in the 1930s.

The combination of physics, chemistry, and the focus on the relationship between the
properties of a material and its microstructure is the domain of Materials Science.

The development of this science allowed designing materials and provided a

knowledge base for the engineering applications (Materials Engineering).
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
Material science is primarly concerned with the search for basic knowledge about the
internal structure, properties, and processing of materials.
A material is defined as a substance (most often a solid, but other condensed phases
can be included) that is intended to be used for certain applications.
Materials can generally be divided into two classes: crystalline and non-crystalline.
The traditional examples of materials are metals, semiconductors, ceramics and
polymers.
New and advanced materials that are being developed include nanomaterials and
biomaterials
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
Material science involves investigating the relationships that exist
between the structures and properties of materials.

The four components of the disciple of materials science and

engineering and their relationship

Processing Structure Properties Performance

FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
Structure:
At the atomic level: arrangement of atoms in different ways. (Gives different properties for
graphite than diamond both forms of carbon.)
At the microscopic level: arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by
microscopy. (Gives different optical properties to transparent vs. frosted glass.)
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment. For instance, the mechanical,
electrical and magnetic properties are the responses to mechanical, electrical and magnetic forces,
respectively. Other important properties are thermal (transmission of heat, heat capacity), optical
(absorption, transmission and scattering of light), and the chemical stability in contact with the
environment (like corrosion resistance).
Processing of materials is the application of heat (heat treatment), mechanical forces, etc. to affect
their microstructure and, therefore, their properties.
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
The purpose of studying material science:

To be able to select a material for a given use based on considerations of cost and
performance.
To understand the limits of materials and the change of their properties with use.
To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable properties.
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION
OF MATERIALS

METAL POLYMERS CERAMICS COMPOSITES ADVANCED

MATERIALS

BIOMATERIALS SEMICONDUCTOR NANOENGINEERED SMART MATERIALS

MATERIALS
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Metals:
Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron,
aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for
example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
A metal is defined as an element with a valence of 1,2,3 (electron in the outer orbit).
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. The are quite strong but
deformable and tend to have a lustrous look when polished.
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION

Metals

Ferrous Non
ferrous
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Metals:
Ferrous metals: Materials tha contain ferrite or iron atoms
Non ferrous metals: materials do not contain iron atoms
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Polymers:
Plastic are composed of chemical materials such as carbon, silicon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen sulphur and chlorine. These compositions produce various types of
plastic.
a chemical substance made up of a lot of mer or repeating units or molecules to form
a long flexible chain
a material consisting of long molecular chains or networks of low-weight elements to
form a single compound
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
4 types of Polymer structures:
Linear chain polymers
 in the form of a long molecular chains

Branched chain polymers

 the linear chain with a series of branched

Cross-linked chain polymers

 with short links which connected the closer chains together

Network chain polymers:

 molecular structure in 3 dimension networks
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Properties of polymers
Polymers
Low strength
Good chemical resistance
Good electrical and thermal insulator
Brittle at low temperature Thermoplastic Thermosetting

Lightweight
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Ceramics
Ceramic can be define as a combination of one or more metals with a non metallic element
Examples: glasses, abrasives, clays, and cements
Properties:
Hard and brittle
High melting points
Low thermal expansion
Good chemical resistance
Heat and electrical insulator
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Composites
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials ( metals, ceramics, and
polymers).
The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not
displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics of
each of the component materials.
One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in which small glass
fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester). The
glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle), whereas the polymer is
ductile (but also weak and flexible).
Thus, the resulting fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, and ductile. In addition, it
has a low density.
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Advanced Materials

Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced
materials.
By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively
intricate and sophisticated principles;
examples include electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers, fiber-optic
systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry.
These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been
enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials. Furthermore, they may be of
all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally expensive.
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION

Advanced
Materials

Biomaterials Semiconductor Nanoengineered Smart materials

materials
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Biomaterials
Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or synthesized in the laboratory using a
variety of chemical approaches utilizing metallic components, polymers, ceramics or
composite materials.
Biomaterials are employ in components implanted into the human body for
replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body
tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).
All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and
semiconductors—may be use as biomaterials.
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Semiconductor
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the
electrical conductors (metals and metal alloys) and insulators (ceramics and
polymers)
Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally
revolutionized the electronics and computer industries.
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Nano-engineered materials
The advent of scanning probe microscopes permit observation of
individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to
manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures
and, thus, design new materials that built from simple atomic-level
constituents (i.e., “materials by design”).
This ability to carefully arranged atoms provides opportunities to
develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties
that are not otherwise possible. This “bottom-up” approached,
and the study of the properties of these materials is termed
“nanotechnology”.
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Smart materials
A smart material reacts to its environment all by itself. The change
is inherent to the material and not a result of some electronics.
The reaction may exhibit itself as a change in volume, a change in
colour or a change in viscosity and this may occur in response to a
change in temperature, stress, electrical current, or magnetic field.
REFRESH :
Explain the fundamental of material science

Materials classification
REFERENCES
http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/chapter1.htm

http://youtube.com/watch?v=bobe-r8VCho