• Power System with PQ and PV buses

From the equation

Pi  jQi n n
 Vi yij   yijVj j i
Vi * j 0 j 1
 n n 
Pi  jQi  Vi * Vi yij   yijVj  j i
 j 0 j 1 

Solving for Pi and Qi

 n n 
Pi  Re Vi * Vi yij   yijVj   j i
 j 0 j 1 
 n n 
Qi   Im Vi * Vi yij   yijVj   j i
 j 0 j 1 
The iterative sequence becomes
 n n 
Pi ( k 1)
 Re Vi * Vi  yij   yijVj 
(k ) (k ) (k )
 j i
 j 0 j 1 
 n n 
Qi ( k 1)
  Im Vi * Vi  yij   yijVj 
(k ) (k ) (k )
 j i
 j 0 j 1 
For the voltage-controlled (PV) buses where Pisch
and Vi are specified, first solve for Qi(k+1) and
substitute its value to solve for Vi(k+1) . Refer to
Grainger for Vi(corrected).
Let
Vi - specified (fixed) bus voltage magnitude
of a PV bus
Vi(k) - corrected PV bus voltage from the
computed (V(k) i-c) to satisfy the condition
Vi = Vi(k)
V(k) i-c - computed PV bus voltage
Im

Vi

(V(k) i-c)

Vyc Vy

Vxc
Vx
Re
 From the figure
Vxc V i  c
(k )
, Vxc  Vx V ( k )i  c

Vx Vi Vi

Vyc V i  c
(k ) V ( k )i  c
 , Vyc  Vy
Vy Vi Vi
V ( k )i  c V ( k )i  c
V ( k )i  c  Vxc  jVyc  Vx  jVy
Vi Vi
V ( k )i  c V ( k )i  c
V ( k )i  c  (Vx  jVy)  Vi ( k )
Vi Vi
V ( k )i  c
Vi ( k )  Vi ( k )
V ic
Example:(Saadat, page 216)
The figure below shows the one line diagram of a
simple three-bus power system with generators at
buses 1 & 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is
adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is
fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200
MW. A load consisting of 400 MW & 250 MVAR is
taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in pu
on a 100 MVA base, and the line charging
susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow
solution by the Gauss-Seidel method including line
flows and line losses.
 1.05 0° 0.02+j0.04
1 2
400 MW

Slack bus
250 MVAR
0.01+j0.03 0.0125+j0.025

200 MW V3 = 1.04
Answers:
V2 = 0.97061 - j0.04569 = 0.97168 -2.6948° pu
V3 = 1.03996 – j0.00903 = 1.04 -0.498° pu
Q3 = 1.46082 pu
S1 = 2.1842 + j 1.4085 pu
S3 = 2.0 + j 1.4617 pu
If Qmin≤Qg≤Qmax is violated, refer to PV bus
characteristic from Grainger.
Power Flow Diagram
1.05 0° 179.362 (8.393) 170.968 0.97 -2.7°
118.734 (16.787) 101.947
218.423 400

140. 852 250

39.0 61 (0.183) (9.847) 229.032
1 2
22.118 (0.548) (19.693) 148.053
38.878
21.569 238.878 167.746
3
1.04 -0.5°
200 146.177
Power balance

Pgen = Pload + Ploss

Qgen = Qload +Qloss
 Voltage Control/Regulation
Refer to Syed Nasar.
• Shunt Capacitor (Capacitor Bank)
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
Rth Xth

+ Ic
- Eth Vi C

Before closing the switch, Eth = Vi

After closing the switch, assuming Eth constant

Ic IcXth
Eth
IcRth
Vi
The phasor diagram shows that Vi > Eth, this
means that Vi has increased in magnitude
after energizing the capacitor.
• Shunt Reactor (Inductor)
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Rth Xth

+ IL
- Eth Vi L

Before closing the switch, Eth = Vi

After closing the switch, assuming Eth constant
ILRth

ILXth Eth

Vi
IL

The phasor diagram shows that Eth > Vi, this

means that Vi has decreased in magnitude
after energizing the inductor.
Application to system operation:
During peak (heavy) load conditions where parts
of the power system experiences under
voltage. Mindanao grid-11 AM, 2 PM, 7 PM.
Capacitor banks-ON, Reactor-OFF
During off-peak (light) load conditions where
parts of the power system experiences over
voltage. Mindanao grid- 4 AM, 5 PM, 11 PM.
Capacitor banks-OFF, Reactor-ON
(Refer to Grid Code for definitions of OV/UV)
• Generator Reactive Capability Curve
It specifies the reactive capability limits of
synchronous machines. Synchronous genera-
tors are rated in terms of the maximum MVA
output at a specified voltage & power factor
(usually 0.85 or 0.90 lagging) which they can
carry continuously without overheating. The
active power output is limited by the prime
mover capability to a value within the MVA
rating. The continuous reactive power output
capability is limited by three considerations:
(1) Armature current limit (2) Field current limit
(3) End region heating limit.
+Q field current heating limit

Overexcite armature current

Qi heating limit
0 Pi P
Underexcite

-Q end region heating limit

The generator must operate within the area
bounded by the curve. It means that
generated MVA (S=P+jQ) must be less than or
equal to rated MVA (S ≤ rated MVA).
P=rated MVA if PF=1, MVAR=0. MW generation
is maximized. This condition is desired during
limited system MW generation due to outages
of generating units.
Exceeding Qmin limit will cause the generator to
become unstable and could trip (Grainger)
Application to system operation:
During peak (heavy) load conditions where parts
of the power system experiences under
voltage. The generator is over-excited, that is
supplying MVAR to the grid (+Q).
During off-peak (light) load conditions where
parts of the power system experiences over
voltage. The generator is under-excited, that is
absorbing MVAR from the grid (-Q).Note: -Q
does not mean a capacitive Q generation!
• On-Load Tap-Changing (OLTC) Transformer
At distribution substations it is common
practice to use transformer fitted with tap-
changing equipment, which is capable of
altering the primary/secondary voltage ratio
of the transformer by changing the number of
turns on the primary winding. Bus voltages
vary from instant to instant due to the
dynamic behavior of the system load at
different period of the day. Tap changing
equipment is installed at the high voltage side
Because of the lower current. This minimizes
arcing during tap-changing.

Draw diagram of transformer.

Let NH = 20 and NL = 10, nominal values
VH NH  NL   10 
 , VL   VH   VH  0.5VH
VL NL  NH   20 
For fixed values of VH and NL (No OLTC)

NH VL Remarks
18 0.556VH Lower NH - Raise VL
16 0.625VH Lower NH - Raise VL
22 0.455VH Raise NH - Lower VL
24 0.417VH Raise NH - Lower VL
Continue with page 3 of the notes, pu values

a: 1 ratio derivation
 In per unit value
N H (atagivenHVtapposition)
N H ( pu ) 
N H (atno min alHVtapposition )

N H (ratedkVofx' merHVwindingtapposition )
N H ( pu ) 
N H (ratedkVofx' merHVwindingforno min altapposit ion )
N L (atagivenLVtapposition)
N L ( pu ) 
N L (atno min alLVtappostion)
N L (ratedkVofx' merLVwindingtapposition )
N L ( pu ) 
N L (ratedkVofx' rmerLVwindingforno min altappostion)

N H ( pu )
a
N L ( pu )
Aurora, Abaga, Lugait, Aplaya, Butuan, Davao,
Kibawe, Tagoloan Transformer
Tap Position Action 138 kV 69 kV a t
12L - 1 Lower 148.430 69
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
2L - 11 Lower 139.740 69 1.0126086 0.0126086
1L - 12 Lower 138.940 69 1.0068115 0.0068115
N - 13 138.000 69 1.0000000 0.0000000
1R - 14 Raise 137.200 69 0.9942028 -0.0057972
2R - 15 Raise 136.260 69 0.9873913 -0.0126087
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
20R - 33 Raise 120.620 69