Sel dan Jaringan

Dr Evalina P Manurung SpPA

Complete the web with four
characteristics of cells.

All organisms -living things-

are made of
cells. Cells do the
jobs that keep
organisms

Cells alive.

Cells are the smallest

part of a living thing.

These cells are like

tiny building blocks.
 Discovery of Cells
• Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
– Observed sliver of cork
– Saw “row of empty boxes”
– Coined the term cell
 Cell theory
• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”

• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow

“all cells come from cells”
 cytoplasm
Cell membrane

Nucleus
Compare and Contrast plant and animal cells.

Animal Cells Plant Cells

•Cell membrane •Cell wall
•Cytoplasm •Cell membrane
•Vacuoles •Cytoplasm
•Nucleus •Vacuoles
•Chloroplasts
•Nucleus
 Do you know that there are FIVE Kingdoms
of living things?
Moneran Protist Fungus Plant Animal
One-celled One-celled Most are Many- Many-
with no many- celled celled
membrane celled
around the
nucleus

Paramecium
Bacteria
 Cell Diversity
• Size
• Shape
• Internal Organization
Cell Size
 Cell Diversity- Shape

• Cells differ widely in shape.

• Most cells are roughly cuboidal
or spherical.
 Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA
 Cell Types

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes
 Eukaryotic Cells
• Nucleus bound by membrane
• Include fungi, protists, plant,
and animal cells
• Possess many organelles

Protozoan
 Cytoplasm
• Structure: gelatin-like fluid that lies inside the cell membrane
• Function: -contains salts, minerals and organic molecules
-surrounds the organelles
 Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals
 Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of substances
 Nucleus

• Control center of cell

• Double membrane

• Contains
– Chromosomes
– Nucleolus
Molecule Movement & Cells
• Passive Transport

• Active Transport

• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis
 Passive Transport
• No energy required

• Move due to gradient

– differences in concentration, pressure, charge

• Move to equalize gradient

– High moves toward low
Types of Passive Transport

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated diffusion
 Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration
 Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion

• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration

• Often involves movement of water

– Into cell
– Out of cell
Solution Differences & Cells
• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell
 Facilitated Diffusion

• Differentially permeable membrane

• Channels (are specific) help molecule or

ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)
• No energy is used
Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane
 Endocytosis

• Movement of large material

– Particles
– Organisms
– Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)
– receptor-mediated (specific)
 Process of Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle
Forms of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking
 Exocytosis
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material
 Exocytosis
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled
 Cara sel bertahan hidup

• Tanpa perubahan sel

– Mobilisasi fatty acid : puasa
– Mobilisasi calcium : kurang kalsium
– Mengaktifkan enzym : makan obat
• Disertai perubahan sel (Physiological
structure adaptation)
– Jumlah / ukuran sel >
– Jumlah / ukuran sel <
– Morfologi berubah
 Reaksi individu terhadap rangsangan #

• Sinar UV
– Produksi melanin 
– Sel mati (kulit melepuh)

• Makanan tertentu
– Enzym 
– Diare
 Rekasi sel terhadap jejas
(cell stress response)

Metabolisme berubah
Produksi protein struktural 
Produksi protein protektif 

 Gene untuk protein struktual = house keeping gene

 Gene untuk protein protektif = cell stres gene

Cont. : binatang dijemur  keluar heat shok protein

(HSP)
Penyebab-penyebab jejas
(stimulus yang pathologis)
 Adaptasi sel
 Fibroblast : kuat / besar
 Sel saraf : lemah / kecil

Cara :
1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Involution
4. Hyperplasia
5. Metaplasia
 Hypertrofi/hiperplasia
physiologic
• Thyroid pada wanita hamil
• Otot pada atlet
• Uterus / payudara pada wanita hamil
• Prostat orang tua
• Endometrium pada siklus haid
 Atrofi yang physiologis

 Kelenjar thymus
 Myometrium post partum
 Otot orang tua
 Kelenjar parathyroid orang tua
 Testis orang tua

(organ sudah berkembang  mengecil)

 Organ tidak berkembang normal

• Agenesis  stem cell gagal

• Aplasia  sel blast gagal
• Hypoplasia : ukuran organ <
• Dysgenesis : jadi organ lain
 Kematian sel

• Melalui apoptosis

• Melalui proses nekrosis

Stimulus  kerusakan badan sel 
sistem sel rusak  nekrosis
 Perkembangan sel
Stem cell
 ………... Agenesis
Blast
……..…. Aplasia

Organ lain Organ (N)

(dysplasia) 
Organ lain (metaplasia)
 Apoptosis
• Proses kematian sel terprogram
(tujuan : menghilangkan sel itu)

Contoh :
- Embryogenesis
- Withdrawal hormon
- Eliminasi sel dengan turn over tinggi
- Menghilangkan sel virus
- Menghilangkan sel dengan DNA rusak
 Kerusakan sel dapat melalui :

• Membran sel
• Mitochondria
• Cytoskeleton
• DNA
 Causes of Cell Injury
• Hypoxia
• Direct physical action
• Ionizing radiation
• Toxic molecular injury
• Microbes
• Inflammatory & immune reactions
• Nutritional imbalances
• Genetic defects
• Aging
Pengaruh injury pada sel
• All disease occurs
because of cell injury
– Either because of the
injury itself or the repair
process that follows
 Cell Diversity
Fibroblasts – found in connective tissues which help
protect, support and bind together other tissue types.
They have rough ER and Golgi apparatus to make and
secrete proteins needed for their fibers.
Erythrocytes – red blood cells which carry oxygen in the
bloodstream (no organelles so it has more room to carry oxygen)
 Cell Diversity
Epithelial Cells – their shape allow cells to be packed
together like sheets which cover and line
body organs. Has long protein-fibers to resist
tearing when it gets rubbed or pulled.
 Cell Diversity
Skeletal Muscle – elongated shape which allow cells to
shorten (contract) moving our skeleton. They
contain long protein fibers.
Smooth Muscle – elongated shape too which allow our
internal organs to change size
 Cell Diversity
Fat cell – huge spherical shaped cell which is formed
because of the large fat droplet in its cytoplasm.
Stores nutrients along with fat.
 Cell Diversity
Macrophage – this cell can change shape so it can crawl through
tissue to reach infection sites. They contain many lysosomes to
digest infectious microorganisms.
 Cell Diversity
Nerve Cell (called neuron) – cell has long extensions that
receive and transmits messages to other body parts. Long
plasma membrane and a lot of rough ER to make proteins
needed for the membrane.
 Cell Diversity
Oocyte (female) – the largest cell in the body. This cell has
twice as many organelles so it can distribute to new cells
through growth/division.
Sperm (male) – This cell is long and built for swimming.
Flagellum acts as a whip to move sperm forward.
 Jaringan
• Diff: sekumpulan sel yang memiliki bentuk dan
fungsi yang sama.
• Jaringan-jaringan yang berbeda dapat bekerja
sama untuk suatu fungsi fisiologi yang sama
membentuk suatu organ.
• Histologi  ilmu yg mempelajari Jaringan
• Histopatologi ilmu yg mempelajari
berubahnya bentuk dan fungsi jaringan dalam
hubungannya dgn penyakit.
Control of the cell cycle