You are on page 1of 31

PRODUCT

MISREPRESENTATION AND
CAVEAT EMPTOR
TWO TYPES OF MISREPRESENTATION
Intentional Unintentional
misrepresentation misrepresentation
- A scenario whereby the  A scenario whereby the
person is fully aware or person is not aware and
deliberately does not deliberately act
misrepresents things, on misrepresenting
commonly known as things. It is a situation
lying. where the person involved
believes it is right and
acceptable.
 It is commonly called as
white lie.
LYING

 The act of making others believe something that


they themselves, do not believe in.
 It happens when somebody tries to convince
others with untrue statement.
St. Augutine defines lying as…

“Locutio contra mentern cum


intentione fallendi”
Which means a speech that is
contrary to what the person is
thinking with the intention to
deceive.
TYPES OF LYING
 Use of ambiguous terms- is the act of deliberately using
vague terms or open-ended statements that can have
several meanings to mislead people that one is telling
truth.
 Use of false statement- is the act of making a statement
from which false conclusions may be drawn eventually
misleading others.
 Through action- the person gets caught in the act of
wrongdoing.
 Suppression of correct information- act of hiding the
correct information which mislead others.
Lying becomes sinful when:

1. It leads the neighbor error.


2. It breaches a promise.
3. It violates the nature of speech
Lying can be morally justified when:

1. Used to protect innocent people.


2. Used to protect national security/
important secrets
3. Used in the name of self defense
4. Used in protection of bodily integrity
DIRECT
MISREPRESENTATION
Characterized by actively misrepresenting something
about the product or service. It gives the business a
bad name because deception and lying are used in
the process of selling the product to the customers.
Deceptive Packaging

the objective is to create an impression


wherein the buyers or the end users will
see the improvement, either by size or
by weight without any change in the
prize.
Example of Deceptive Packaging

Lays Pringles
Adulteration

the unethical practice of corrupting a genuine


commodity by imitating or by adding something to
increase its bulk or volume, or even by substituting
an inferior product for a superior one for the
purpose of profit/gain.
Example of Adulteration
Misbranding/ Mislabeling

the act of copying a product’s design to


the closest possible way giving an
impression that it is the same with
leading brand.
Example of Misbranding/ Mislabeling
Short Weighing

the most common type of direct


misrepresentation.
Example of Short Weighing
Shortchanging

taken directly from a situation where the


seller gives the customer less than the
change he should get.
Example of Shortchanging
Short measuring

An unethical observed in products that


depend on length and/or volume
Example of short measuring
Short numbering

the seller gives the consumer the quantity


by piece of the product less than the number
he has paid for
Example of short numbering
Misleading Advertising

the use of false or misleading statements in


advertising, and misrepresentation of the
product at hand, which may negatively affect
many stakeholders, especially consumers.
Example of Misleading
Advertising
Indirect
Misinterpretation
 Is characterized by omitting adverse
information about the product or
service.
 It is passive deception and not as
obvious compared to direct
misrepresentation.
Careat Emptor

“ let the buyer beware”


Business Ignorance

 is passive deception because the


businessman is unable to provide the
customer with the complete information he
needs to make fair decision.
Ignorance of Cost

You might also like