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Speaker : Guided by:

Amanpreet Singh Proff. Mohinder Lal


Msc agronomy 2nd year

PG Department of Agriculture
Khalsa college, Patiala
Fodder, a type of animal feed, is any
agricultural food stuff used specifically to
feed domesticated livestock, such as
cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens
and pigs.
Livestock occupies a crucial position in
Indian agriculture and directly
contributing 4.1% of total GDP of the
country.
India with 2.29% of the world land area, is
maintaining about 10.72% of the world
livestock population.
1. Increased Human population forced us to grow more
grain crops rather than fodder crops.
2. Green revolution included mainly grain crops and fodder
side tracked.
3. Productivity is low due to non availability/ non adoption
of production technology.
4. Livestock farmers are small (21.75%) and marginal
(69.4%) are not paying much attention on feeding of poor
yielder animals.
5. Regional imbalances of fodder availability.
6. High transport cost and burning of crop residue.
7. Non availability of trained and expert human resource in
fodder production.
8. Non availability of quality seed.
9. Lack of knowledge among farmers (Poor TOT) about
fodder production technologies.
CLASSIFICATION OF FODDERS

Forages can be broadly classified into two


groups
 GRASSES:
 Annual: Maize , Sorghum.
 Perennial : guinea grass , napier bajra.
 Legumes
 Annual : cowpea , cluster bean
 Perennial : lucerne.
Mainly in India 11 fodder crops used in Rabi
and Kharif season in most of states:-

KHARIF CROPS
1.Maize
2.Bajra
3.Sorghum
4.Napier grass
5.Guar
RABI CROPS
1.Berseem
2.Shaftal
3.Leucerne
4.Oats
5.Ryegrass
6.Senji
BERSEEM (Trifolium alexiandrum)

 Berseem is the king of fodder crops


 It contains about 20% crude protein
and 70% dry matter digestibility
 Berseem cultivation also changes
chemical ,
 biology and physical characters of soil.
 It supplies superior quality green fodder
of 390 -440 q / acre .
Lucerne (Medicago sativa)
Lucerne is the queen of
fodder crops .
It is used for grazing hay and
silage as well as green
manure and cover crop.
It is valuable crop for soil
improvement.
It supplies quality green
fodder about 280q /acre.
Nutritional value : rich in
chorophyll , carotene, protein
, calcium and other minerals
Nitrogen fixer
Frost tolerant
Cluster bean ( guar) (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)

Guar among leguminous crops


is comparatively more drought
hardy crop .
Generally grown for feed and
fodder and vegetable
The fodder guar as well as
grain quite nutritive, rich in
protein , fat and minerals .
It supplies green fodder about
120- 135q /ha .
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

Sorghum is a major food


and nutritional security
Crop more than 100M
people in eastern 170M of
Africa owing to its resilience
to drought and other
production constrains.
Multiple crop used as food ,
feed and beer manufacture
and ethanol production.
Maize (Zea mays)

Maize is one of the


most important cereal
crop in the world
grown over an area of
132 M /ha with a
production of 570M/ha
.
SEED CLASSES FOR FODDER PRODUCTION
Nuclear seed:- This is the hundred percent
genetically pure seed with physical purity
and produced by the original
breeder/institute/state agriculture university
from basic nucleus seed stock.

Breeder seed:-The progeny of nucleus seed


multiplied in large area as per indent of
Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation(DOAC), Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India , under supervision of
plant breeder/institute/SAU and monitored
by a committee consisting of the
representatives of the state seed
certification agency, national/stable seed
corporations, ICAR nominee and concerned
breeder.
FOUNDATION SEED:- The progeny of
breeder seed produced by recognized
seed producing agencies in public and
private sector, under supervision of seed
certification agencies in such a way that its
quantity is maintained according to
prescribed field and seed standards.
CERTIFIED SEED:- The progeny of foundation
seed produced by registered seed growers
under supervision of seed certification
agencies to maintain the seed quality as
per minimum seed certification standards.
Estimated National Seed Requirement & Status of Breeder
Seed Produced
Crop wise breeder seed distributed locations in each
state during last five years:
Truthfully labelled fodder seed distributed in each state:
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF BREEDEER SEED SUPPLIED TO DIFFERENT STATES IN THE
COUNTRY
Constraints in fodder seed production
The fodder seed production is complicated
compared to the regular field crops due to
following constraints:-

Constraints
Production Research
in multiple
level level
agencies

Farmers
Market level
level
PRODUCTION LEVEL
 Non-availability of suitable seed production technology
 Land availability
 Fewer varieties
 Lack of hybrids
 Poor resource allocation
 Indeterminate growth
 Non-synchronus maturity
 Seed shattering
 Blank seed
 Seed dormancy
 Influence of climatic factors
 Low density of ear-bearing tillers
 Lodging
 Poor harvest index
 Lack of seed production technology
RESEARCH LEVEL
CONSTRAINTS
 Fewer institutes
 More number of crops
 Poor resource allocation
 Research difficulties
 Breeding difficulties
 Lack of technology dissemination
CONSTRAINTS AT MULTIPLE
AGENCIES
 No proper seed chin
 Government support
 Lesser participation by Govt. Agencies
 Fewer private players
 Resource constraints
 Insufficient breeder seed indent
FARMER LEVEL
 Non availability of fodder
 High production cost
 Less remunerative
 Lack of knowledge
MARKET LEVEL
 Lack of organized marketing
 Lack of market knowledge
 Absence of private sector
Stratigies:
1.Seed production avalability
2.Production technology
3.Conservation of fodder
4.Transfer of technology
5.Research
6.Area expansion
OMAFRA. 2013. Cereals: Planting and crop development.

McVay, K., M. Burrows, C. Jones, K. Wanner, and F.


Menalled. 2008. Montana barley production guide. Rai
SD,Joshi P V and Malik H S (1977).Quality seed
production of fodder crop.
Hazra C R (1995). Advances in forage production
technology. AICRP on forage crop.
Kharab R P S and Dahiya D S (1999). Mangement pratice
for potential seed production in multi-cut forage crops.
Thank You

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