Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MODULE A
PRESENTATION
BY
Cma Sunil Kumar Mohan
cmaskmohan@gmail.com
9839736168
JAIIB-Accounting & Finance for Bankers
MODULE-A
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS and finance
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 2
Calculation of Interest
• Simple
• Compound
• Rule of 72
• Sinking fund method
• Annuities ordinary annuity and annuity due
• Amortization of debts (EMI)
• Perpetuities (infinite series of payment made at fixed
intervals )
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 3
Calculation of Simple and compound Interest-1
• Total repayment = Principle + interest
• Rate of Interest
– Simple Interest = Principle X time period X rate
– When interest earns interest , it is called Compounded interest
– Fixed Interest rate and floating interest rate
– Front end and back end interest
– Teaser rate of interest
• In how many years will take to double your money with
specific rate of interest is called RULE 72.
• An annuity is a series of payments made at fixed intervals
. types of annuities are :-
– Ordinary annuity and ( payment at the end of period)
– Annuity Due ( Payment at beginning of each period)
– Present value and Future value of both annuities are different
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 4
Simple Interest
• 'Simple' interest or 'flat rate' interest is the amount of interest
paid each year in a fixed percentage of the amount borrowed
or lent at the start.
• Formula for calculating simple interest :
Interest = Principal x Rate x Time (PRT), where:
• 'Interest' is the total amount of interest paid
'Principal' is the amount lent or borrowed
'Rate' is the percentage of the principal charged as interest
each year.
'Time' is the time in years of the loan.
• Example :
• Principal: 'P' = Rs. 50,000, Interest rate: 'R' = 10% = 0.10,
Repayment time: T = 3 years. Find the amount of interest paid.
• Interest = PRT
= 50,000x0.10x3
= Rs. 15,000
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 5
• Simple Intt :-- P x R x T
• A sum of money amount to Rs.2,240 @ 4% simple interest in 3
years. Find the interest on the same sum for 6 months @ 3.5%
p.a.
• a. Rs. 35
• b. Rs. 40
• c. Rs. 45
• d. Rs. 50
• Ans – a
• A=P(1+rt)= 2240=P(1+4/100 X3)=28/25
• 2240/28*25=2000
• 3.5% of 2000= 70 and six month is rs.35/-
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 6
• At 5% per annum simple interest, Rahul borrowed
Rs. 500. What amount will he pay to clear the debt
after 4 years ?
– A. 750
– B. 700
– C. 650
– D. 600
• Ans - D
• Explanation:
• We need to calculate the total amount to be paid by
him after 4 years, So it will be
• Principal + simple interest.
• So,=>500+500*5*4/100
• =>Rs.600
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 7
Compound Interest
• Compound interest is paid on the original principal and accumulated part
of interest.
• A=P(1+r)n
• P = the principal
A = the amount of money accumulated after n years
r = Annual the rate
n = number of years that interest is compounded
• Formula for calculating compound interest :
• A = P(1 +r/n)^nt, where
• P = the principal
A = the amount deposited
r = the rate (expressed as fraction, e.g. 6 per cent = 0.06)
n = number of times per year that interest is compounded
t = number of years invested
• Frequently compounding of Interest. If the interest is compounded :
Annually = P (1 + r)
Quarterly = P (1 + r/4)^4
Monthly = P (1 + r/12)^12
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 8
• What is the principal amount which earns Rs. 264 as compound
interest for the second year @ 10% p.a.?
– a. Rs. 2,000
– b. Rs. 2,200
– c. Rs. 2,400
– d. Rs. 2,600
• Ans - c
• Solution :
• A = P(1+r/100) n
– In the formula, A represents the final amount in the account after n years at interest rate 'r'
with starting amount 'p'.
– P 2nd year = 2640
– A 1st Year = 2640
• P 1st = (2640/110*100) = 2400
• Rs. 400 at 5% p.a. compound interest will amount to Rs. 441 in......
– a. 1 year
– b. 2 years
– c. 3 years
– d. 4 years
• 5/6/2018
Ans – b S K MOHAN 9
• Find the compound interest on Rs 160000 for one year at
the rate of 20% per annum, if the interest is
compounded quarterly.
• Solution:
• Given:
• P = Rs 160,000
• R = 20 % p. a.
• n = 1 year
• We know that:
• A = P(1+R/400)4n
• A = 160000(1+20/400)4
• A = 160000(1.05)4
• A = Rs 19,4481
• Now, CI = A – P = Rs 19,448.1 – Rs 16,000 = Rs 3,4481
• Mewa Lal borrowed Rs 20000 from his friend Rooplal
at 18% per annum simple interest. He lent it to Rampal
at the same rate but compounded annually. Find his
gain after 2 years.
• Solution:
• SI for Mewa Lal = P*R*T = 20000×18/100×2 = Rs 7,200
• Thus, he has to pay Rs 7,200 as interest after borrowing
CI for Mewa Lal = A – P
• = 20000(1+18/100)2 – 20,000
• = 20000(1.18)2 – 20,000
• = 27,848- 20,000
• = Rs 7,848
• He gained Rs 7,848 as interest after lending. His gain in
the whole transaction
• = Rs 7,848 – Rs 7,200 = Rs 648
• Rohit deposited Rs 8000 with a finance company for 3
years at an interest of 15% per annum. What is the
compound interest that Rohit gets after 3 years?
• Solution:
• We know that amount A at the end of n years at the rate
of R% per annum is given by = A = P(1+R/100)n
• Given:
• P = Rs 8,000
• R = 15% p.a.
• n = 3 years.
• Now,
• A = 8000(1+15/100)3
• A = 8000(115/100)3
• A = Rs. 12,167
• And, CI = A – P = Rs 12,167 – Rs 8,000 = Rs 4,167
• In a laboratory, the count of bacteria in a certain experiment was increasing
at the rate of 2.5% per hour. Find the bacteria at the end of 2 hours if the
count was initially 5,06,000.
• Ans. Here, Principal (P) = 5,06,000, Rate of Interest (R) = 2.5%, Time = 2 hours
• After 2 hours, number of bacteria,
• Amount (A) =
•
• =
• =
• 5,31,616.25
• Hence, number of bacteria after two hours are 531616 (approx.).
• Qus. If the simple interest on a sum of money at 5% per annum for 3 years is Rs.
1200, find the compound interest on the same sum for the same period at the
same rate.
Sol. Clearly, Rate = 5% p.a., Time = 3 years, S.I.= Rs. 1200. ..
So principal=RS [100*1200]/3*5=RS 8000
Amount = Rs. 8000 x [1 +5/100]^3 - = Rs. 9261.
.. C.I. = Rs. (9261 - 8000) = Rs. 1261.
• The difference between the S.I. and C.I. on a certain sum of money for 2 years
at 4% per annum is Rs 20. Find the sum.
• Solution:
• Given:
• CI – SI = Rs 20
• [P(1+4/100)2−P]−P×4/100×2=20 P[(1.04)2−P]−0.08P=20
• 0.0816P – 0.08P = 20
• 0.0016P = 20
• P = 200.0016
• P = 12500
• Thus, the required sum is Rs 12500.
• ) The present population of a town is 25000. It grows at 4%, 5% and 8% during first
year, second year and third year respectively. Find its population after 3 years.
• Solution:
• Here,
• P = Initial population = 25000
• R1 = 4%
• R2 = 5%
• R3 = 8%
• n = Number of years = 3
• Therefore, Population after three years
= P(1+R1/100)(1+R2/100)(1+R/3100)
• = 25000(1+4100)(1+5100)(1+8100)
• = 25000 (1.04) (1.05) (1.08)
• = 29484
• Hence, the population after three years will be 29484.
•
• Aman started a factory with an initial
investment of its 100000. In the first year, he
incurred a loss of 5%. However, during the
second year, he earned a profit of 10% which is
the third year rose to 12%. Calculate his net
profit for the entire period of three years.
• Solution:
• Aman’s profit for three years = P(1−R1/100)(1+R2/100)(1+R3/100)
• = 100000(1−5/100)(1+10/100)(1+12/100)
• = 100000 (0.95) (1.10) (1.12)
• = 117040
• Therefore, Net profit = Rs 117,040 – Rs 100,000
• = Rs 17,040
• The cost of a T.V. set was quoted Rs 17000 at the
beginning of 2015. In the beginning of 2016 the
price was hiked by 5%. Because of decrease in
demand the cost was reduced by 4% in the
beginning of 2017. What was the cost of the T.V.
set in 2017?
• Solution:
• Cost of the TV = P(1+R/100)(1−R/100)
• => 17000(1+5/100)(1−4/100)
• = 17,000 (1.05) (0.96)
• = 17,136
• Thus, the cost of the TV in 2017 was Rs 17,136.
• Ashish started the business with an initial
investment of Rs 500000. In the first year he
incurred a loss of 4%. However during the
second year he earned a profit of 5% which in
third year rose to 10%. Calculate the net profit
for the entire period of 3 years.
• Solution:
• Profit for three years
= P(1−R1/100)(1+R2/100)(1+R3/100)
• => 500000(1−4/100)(1+5/100)(1+10/100)
• = 500,000 (0.96) (1.05) (1.10) = 554,400
• Thus, the net profit is Rs 554,400
• Illustration
• The population of an industrial town is increasing by 5 per cent
every year. If the present population is 1 million, estimate the
population five years hence. Also, estimate the population
three years ago.
• Solution
• Present population, P = 1 million, rate of increase = 5% per
annum
• A = P(1+R/100)n
• Hence, the population after 5 years
• = 10,00,000 (1.05)5
• = 12,76,280
• P= A /(1+R/100)n
• Population three years ago = 10,00,000/ (1.05)3= 8,63,838
• Since the population three years ago, compounded at 5 per
cent, is equal to 1 million, today.
Calculation of Simple and compound Interest-1
• Mr. x borrowed a sum of Rs. 20000/- from Y at 12%
p.a. What is the amount of total interest payable
in two years?
• 1200
• 2400
• 4800
• 7200
• Non of above
• X borrowed Rs.10000/- from Y at 10% p.a. what is
total amount repayable by X to y in three years
» Rs.10000/-
» Rs.3000/-
» Rs.13000/-
– Rs.11000-
» NOA
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 20
• A sum of money doubles itself at compound
interest in 15 years it will become 8 time in
• A) 60 B)80 C)45 D ) 40
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 21
Calculation of Simple and compound Interest-2
• Interest that is paid on the original principal amount and also
on the accumulated part of the interest , is called
» Yield on Maturity
» Annuities
» Compound interest
– interest
– NOA
• On an amount of Rs.50000/- lent on 8% interest. On which of the
following compounding periods, the interest amount will be
highest
– Half yearly compounding
– Yearly
– Quarterly
– Monthly
– Weekly
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 22
• What will be the compound interest on Rs. 25000
after 3 years at the rate of 12 % per annum?
– a. Rs 10123.20
b. Rs 10123.30
c. Rs 10123.40
d. Rs 10123.50
• Ans - a
• Explanation:
• A=P(1+r)n
• = (25000×(1+12/100)^3)
= 25000×(28/25)^3
= 35123.20
• So Compound interest will be 35123.20 - 25000
• = Rs 10123.20
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 23
Sinking Fund
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 33
Annuities
• An annuity is any series of equal payments that are
made at regular intervals.
• Types of annuities are :-
– Ordinary annuity and ( payment at the end of period)
– Annuity Due ( Payment at beginning of each period)
• The periods between payments in an annuity can be
just about anything -- years, months, weeks;
• It doesn't matter as long as the interval is consistent
• Present value and Future value of both
annuities are different
• The difference lies in the timing of each payment
relative to the period the payment covers.
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 34
• if you're the one making the payments, you're
better off with an ordinary annuity.
• If you're the one receiving the payments,
you're better off with an annuity due.
• The reason lies in a basic principle of finance
known as the "time value of money":
• Each payment of an ordinary annuity belongs
to the payment period preceding its date,
• while the payment of an annuity-due refers to
a payment period following its date.
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 35
• A more simplistic way of expressing the
distinction is to say that payments made under
an ordinary annuity occur at the end of the
period
• while payments made under an annuity due
occur at the beginning of the period.
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 36
Calculating the Value of an Annuity Due
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 37
• Present Value of an Annuity
calculate the PV of an ordinary annuity of 50 per year over 3
years at 7% as...
...
• and the present value of an annuity due under the same terms
is calculated as...
..
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 38
• Future Value of an Annuity
calculate the FV of an ordinary annuity of 25 per year
over 3 years at 9% as...
•
...and again the FV of the annuity due is greater than
the FV of the ordinary annuity; by 7.38.
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 39
• Example :
• 1. Calculate the present value on Jan 1, 2015 of an
annuity of 5,000 paid at the end of each month of the
calendar year 2015. The annual interest rate is 12%.
• Solution
We have,
Periodic Payment R = 5,000
Number of Periods n = 12
Interest Rate i = 12%/12 = 1%
Present Value
PV = 5000 × (1-(1+1%)^(-12))/1%
= 5000 × (1-1.01^-12)/1%
= 5000 × (1-0.88745)/1%
= 5000 × 0.11255/1%
= 5000 × 11.255
= 56,275.40
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 40
• A certain amount was invested on Jan 1, 2015 such that it
generated a periodic payment of 10,000 at the beginning of
each month of the calendar year 2015. The interest rate on
the investment was 13.2%. Calculate the original investment
and the interest earned.
• Solution
Periodic Payment R = 10,000
Number of Periods n = 12
Interest Rate i = 13.2%/12 = 1.1%
Original Investment = PV of annuity due on Jan 1, 2015
= 10,000 × (1-(1+1.1%)^(-12))/1.1% × (1+1.1%)
= 10,000 × (1-1.011^-12)/0.011 × 1.011
= 10,000 × (1-0.876973)/0.011 × 1.011
= 10,000 × 0.123027/0.011 × 1.011
= 10,000 × 11.184289 × 1.011
= 1,13,073.20
Interest Earned = 10,000 × 12 − 1,13,073.20
•
= 1,20,000 – 1,13,073.20 = 6926.80
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 41
SUMMARY OF ANNUITIES FORMULAS
• FUTURE VALUE OF INVESTMENT AT THE END OF PERIOD,
FVOA (Future Value of Ordinary Annuity) is applied.
• FVOA = (C ÷ R) x { (1 + R)^T - 1 }
• FUTURE VALUE OF INVESTMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF
PERIOD, FVAD (Future Value of Annuity Due) is applied.
– FVAD = (C ÷ R) x { (1 + R)^T - 1 } x (1 + R)
• PRESENT VALUE OF INVESTMENT AT THE END OF PERIOD,
PVOA (Present Value of Ordinary Annuity) is applied.
• PVOA = (C ÷ R) x { (1 + R)^T - 1 } ÷ (1 + R)^T
• PRESENT VALUE OF INVESTMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF
PERIOD, PVAD (Present Value of Annuity Due) is applied.
• PVAD = (C ÷ R) x { (1 + R)^T - 1 } x (1 + R) ÷ (1 + R)^T
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 42
Present Value
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 44
• Future Value
The value of an asset or cash at a specified date in the future that is equivalent in value
to a specified sum today. It refers to a method of calculating how much the present
value (PV) of an asset or cash will be worth at a specific time in the future. There are
two ways to calculate FV:
1) For an asset with simple annual interest: = Original Investment x (1+(interest
rate*number of years))
• .2) For an asset with interest compounded annually: = Original Investment x
((1+interest rate)^number of years)
Example:
1) 10,000 invested for 5 years with simple annual interest of 10% would have a future
value of
FV = 10000(1+(0.10*5))
= 10000(1+0.50)
= 10000*1.5
= 15000
2) 10,000 invested for 5 years at 10%, compounded annually has a future value of :
FV = 10000(1+0.10)^5)
= 10000(1.10)^5
= 10000*1.61051
= 16105.10
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 45
Calculation of Simple and compound Interest-3
• An annuity under which payments are made in the beginning of each
period are known as
– Annual annuity
– Special annuity
– Ordinary annuity
– Annuity due
– NOA
• An annuity under which payment are made at the end of each period
are known as ;-
– Annual annuity
– Special annuity
– Ordinary annuity
– NOA
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 46
• When a debt is amortised by equal payment at equal payment
intervals, the debt becomes
» Annuity
» Future value of annuity
– Present value of annuity
– Discounted value of annuity
– NOA
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 47
• When amount is accumulated by means of equal periodic
contribution with the objective of using it for a specific
purpose , this is called
» Specific Reserve
» Special reserve
» Time deposit
» Sinking fund
» Annuity
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 49
Bonds
• What are bonds and what is relation between purchaser and issuer
• Who issues bonds
• Types of bonds
• Straight Bonds or Fixed rate bonds
• Zero Coupon Bonds
• Deep Discount Bonds
• Floating rate Bonds – linked with reference rate of interest e.g. LIBOR , MIBOR ,
• Convertible bonds
• Inflation –indexed Bonds
• Other index bonds - equity link etc
• High yield bond ( JUNK BON DS ) rated below investment grade
• Assets Backed Securities Bonds
• Subordinate bonds – lower priority at the time of liquidation
• Perpetual Bonds -- no maturity date
• Bearer bonds – indira vikas patra
• government bonds also called Treasury Bonds
• Bond Valuation
• Present value method of Bond valuation
• Bond value with Semi –annual Coupons (Interest)
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 50
Terms related to Bonds
• Face value -----
– Straight bonds
– face value of Zero Coupon bonds
• Coupon rate
• Maturity
• Term to Maturity
• Market Value
• Discount rate
• Yield
• Current Yield
• Yield To Maturity
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 51
YTM
• YTM is a annual return which an investors
gets ,if he holds the bonds till maturity .
• In other world it is an internal rate of interest
(IRR) which an investors received on bonds,
which he has purchased in current market
value holds it till maturity
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 52
Assumption at the time of calculation of YTM
• Bond once purchased will be held till maturity
• Cash flow will be received and there will be no default
• All cash flow are immediately reinvested (else where) at the
rate which is equal to the promised Y T M
• Important terms :-
• PVIF:-Present value interest factor;- it represent the discount
value of Rs. One for a period concerned of interest rate
• PVIFA:-Present value interest factor of annuity :-it represent the
present value of an ordinary annuity for the period concern and
interest rate
• Current Yield = coupon interest/ current market price
• Call option= Right to repay the bond before maturity date
• Put option=holder has right to force the issuer to repay the bond
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 53
Theorems for bonds value
Required rate of return is denote with symbol =Kd
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 55
Bond Value
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 56
• A bond, whose par value is Rs. 1000, bears a coupon rate
of 12 per cent payable semi-annually and has a maturity
period of 3 years. The required rate of return on bond is
10 per cent. What is the value of this bond?
• Solution
• Semi-annual interest payable = 1,000 x 12 per cent/2= 60
Principal repayment at the end of 3 years = Rs. 1,000
• The value of the bond
= 60 (PVIFA 10%/2, 6 Period) + Rs. 1,000 (PVIF 10%/2, 6
Period) =
60 (5.0746) + 1,000 (0.746) = 304.48 + 746 = 1,050.48
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 57
• 12% , 4 years bonds of Rs.100 each were
purchased by Mr. Y for Rs.100 . If the market
interest rate decreases by 1% what will be
the market price
• Solution
• 12xPVIFA (11% for 4 years) + 100(PVIF 11%,4 )=
12X3.10245)+100x(0.65873) = 37.22 + 65.87 =
103.09
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 58
Problem on YTM
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 59
• Solution
• If kd is the yield to maturity then,
• 850 = 80 (PVIFA kd per cent, 9 yrs) + 1,000 (PVIF kd, 9 yrs)
• To calculate the value of kd, we have to try several values:
• = 80 (PVIFA 12 per cent, 9) + 1,000 (PVIF 12 per cent, 9)
• = 80x 5.328+ 1,000 x (0.361)
• = 426.24 + 361 =787.24
• Since, the above value is less than 850, we have to try with value less
than 12 per cent. Let us try with kd =10 per cent
• = 80 (PVIFA 10 per cent, 9) + 1,000 (PVIF 10 per cent, 9) = 80
• x 5.759 + 1.000 * 0.424 = 884.72
• From the above it is clear that kd lies between 10% and 12%. Now we
have to use linear interpolation in the range of 10% and 12%. Using it,
we find that kd is equal to the following:
• (884.72-850) / (884.72-787.24)
• 34.72 / 97.48 = 10%.+
• .71=10.71%
• Therefore, the yield to maturity is 10.71%
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 60
• For two bonds X and Y having face value of Rs. 1.000,
coupon rate of 10 per cent each, years to maturity is three
and six years respectively.
• Market value of bond X at YTM of 10 per cent is
– 100 PVIFA (10 per cent, 3) + 1.000 PVIF (10 per cent, 3) = 1,000
• Market Value of Bond Y at YTM of 10 per cent is
– 100 PVIFA (10 per cent, 6) + 1,000 PVIF (10 per cent, 6) = 1,000
• Now market value of bond X at YTM of 11 per cent is
– 100 PVIFA (11 per cent, 3) + 1,000 PVIF (11 per cent, 3) = 975
• And Market Value of Bond Y at YTM of 11 per cent is
– 100 PVIFA (11 per cent, 6) + 1,000 PVIF (11 per cent, 6) = 958
• Change in price for X on increasing YTM by 1 per cent is
(1,000 - 975)/l,000 = 2.5 per cent
• Change in price for Y on increasing YTM by 1 per cent is
(1,000 - 958)/1,000 = 4.2 per cent
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 61
• A bond of face value of Rs. 1,000 par value X bond with a
coupon rate of 12 per cent maturity period of six years and
YTM of 10 per cent. The market value of the bond will be Rs.
1,087.
– Consider another identical bond Y but with differing YTM of 20 per
cent. The market value of this bond will be Rs. 734.
• If the YTM increase by 20 per cent, i.e. YTM of bond X rises to
12 per cent (10 x 1.2) and bond Y rises to 24 per cent (i.e., 20 x
1.2) then the market value of both bonds will change to:
– Bond X: 120 PVIFA (12 per cent, 6) + 1,000 PVIF (12 per cent.
6) = Rs. 1,000
– Bond Y: 120 PVIFA (24 per cent, 6) + 1,000 PVIF (24 per cent, 6)
= 638
– Market value of X bond with a lower YTM decreased by 8 per
cent
– whereas in case of Y bond with an higher YTM the decrease is
13 per cent.
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 62
Yield to Maturity , Bonds Pricing
• Debt capital mainly consist of which of the
following
» Bank borrowing
» Term loans and bank borrowing
» Bank term loan and debenture
– Bonds and debentures
– Bonds and bank term loan s
• The bonds or debenture holders , return for
providing debts capital to a company gets.
» Fixed dividends
» Variable dividend
» Commission
– Discount
– Coupon rate
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 63
• A bond carries a specific rate of interest which is known as
» Fixed dividend
» Variable dividend
» Commission
» Discount
» Coupon rate
• The amount represented by the bonds , that a company has to
pay back to the bonds holder at the end of term of bond , is
called
– Premium on bonds
– Value of the bond
– Maturity value of the bonds
– Face value
– NOA
• The value at which a bond is traded on a stock exchange is
called:
• face value
• net asset value
• net present value
• market value
• cost price
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 64
BONDS Valuation
• A bond with face value Rs’5000/-carrries a coupon rate of 12%
Market price of this bond is quoted at Rs.4500/- what is the
current yield of the bond
• 0.12*5000 =13.3%
• 4500
• Bond is a type of long term, interest bearing note payable on
maturity F
• When the require rate of return (kd) is greater than the coupon
rate bond price will trading at discount to face value T
• An secure bond is a debenture bond T
• A convertible bond is a bond that can be converted to cash at any
given time T
• The value which bond holder gets on maturity is called
Redemption value T
• When the expected rate of return(market discount rate)is lesser
than coupon rate bond price will rise T
5/6/2018 S K MOHAN 65
• If a 7% coupon bond ( Rs.1000) is trading for Rs.
975.00, it has a current yield of ___ percent.
» 7.01
» 6.83
» 7.23
» 8.13
» 7.18
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DURATION OF BOND
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470804.38/108424.72=4.3422234
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Capital Budgeting
• Capital Budgeting is a process of planning
capital investment :- Expansion,
diversification, replacement, modernization
• NEED OF CAPITAL BUDGETING
– Volume of money invested is quite high
– Return are spread over uncertain long period
– Investment decision can not be reversed
– Project profitability is the basis of decision
– Probability of assets becoming obsolete is very high
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Steps to capital budgeting
• Estimate Cash flows Outlays Inflows
• Estimate/Determine the appropriate cost of
capital.
• Define the Acceptance or Rejection Criterion
• Apply the Project Appraisal Techniques
• Rank Projects
• Accept/Reject Projects
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• What is the difference between independent
and mutually exclusive projects?
• Projects are:
• independent, if the cash flows of one are
unaffected by the acceptance of the other. --
In other words A project whose acceptance (or
rejection) does not prevent the acceptance of
other projects under consideration
• mutually exclusive, if the cash flows of one
can be adversely impacted by the acceptance
of the other.
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Capital Budgeting Techniques
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Proposed Project Data
MR.JRD is evaluating a new project for his firm,
he has determined that the after-tax cash flows for the project
will be
1. Rs.10,000;
2. Rs12,000;
3. Rs15,000;
4. Rs10,000; and
5. Rs7,000,
respectively, for each of the Years 1 through 5. maximum pay
back accepted by company is 3.5 years
The initial cash outlay will be Rs40,000.
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Independent Project
For this project, assume that it is independent of any other
potential projects that JRD may undertake.
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Payback Period (PBP)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7K
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Payback Solution (
0 40000 (B)
1 10000 10000
2 12000 22000
3 (A) 15000 37000 ©
4 10000 (D) 47000
5 70000 54000
PBP =a+(b-c)/d
= 3 + (40 - 37) / 10= 3 + (3) / 10
= 3.3 Years
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Payback Solution Alternative
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Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
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IRR Solution
RS.40,000 =
Rs.10,000 + Rs.12,000 +
(1+IRR)1 (1+IRR)2
Rs.15,000 + Rs.10,000 + Rs.7,000
(1+IRR)3 (1+IRR)4 (1+IRR)5
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IRR Solution (Try 15%)
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IRR Solution (Interpolate)
15%-10% X {41444-40000}
41444-36841
== 0.05X1444 = 0.0157
4603
IRR Will be =0.10+0.0157=0.1157 i.e. 11.57%
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IRR Acceptance Criterion
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• (a) What is the NPV if the appropriate discount rate is 10%?
• You can either discount each individual cash flow or recognize
that the
• Rs. 1,000 cash flows are just a twelve year annuity. So,
• PV = a/i[l -1/(1 +i)n]
• PV= 1,000/0.1 [1 - 1/(1.1)12] = PV = Rs. 6,814
• Adding this to the original investment gives an NPV of
• NPV = Rs. 6,814 - Rs. 6,000 = NPV =Rs. 814
• (b) What is the NPV if the appropriate discount rate is 12%?
• PV= 1,000/0.12 [1 -1/(1.12)12] = PV = Rs. 6,194
• Adding this to the original investment gives an NPV of
• NPV = Rs. 6,194-Rs. 6,000 = NPV=Rs. 194
• (c) What is the NPV if the appropriate discount rate is 15%?
• PV= 1,000/0.15 [1-1/(1.15)12] = PV = Rs. 5,421
• Adding this to the original investment gives an NPV of
• NPV = Rs. 5,421-Rs. 6,000
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Net Present Value (NPV)
JRD has determined that the appropriate discount rate (k) for this
project is 13%.
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NPV Solution
NPV = Rs.10,000(PVIF13%,1) + Rs12,000(PVIF13%,2) +
Rs15,000(PVIF13%,3) + Rs10,000(PVIF13%,4) +
Rs 7,000(PVIF13%,5) - Rs40,000
NPV = Rs10,000(.885) + Rs12,000(.783) +
Rs15,000(.693) + Rs10,000(.613) + Rs
7,000(.543) - Rs40,000
NPV = Rs8,850 + Rs9,396 + Rs10,395 +
Rs6,130 + Rs3,801 - Rs40,000
= - Rs1,428
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NPV Acceptance Criterion
The management of JRD has determined
that the required rate is 13% for projects
of this type.
Should this project be accepted?
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DEPRECIATION
• Meaning Depreciation is a reduction in the
book value of all fixed assets excepting land
used in business
• all fixed assets
• all fluctuating assets
• both fixed and current assets
• all assets used in business.
• Time Factor: Lease, copy-right, patents are acquired for a fixed period of time. On the expiry
of the fixed period of time, the assets cease to exist.
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Factors of depreciation
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METHODS OF Calculating DEPRECIATION
• 1. Straight line method or fixed installment method.
• 2. Written down value method or diminishing balance
method
• 3. Annuity method.
• 4. Depreciation Fund method.
• 5. Insurance Policy method.
• 6. Revaluation method.
• 7. Sum of year’s Digit Method
• 5/6/2018
all assets used in business.
S K MOHAN 97
Straight line method or fixed installment method
• Under this method, the same amount of depreciation is charged
every year throughout the life of the asset. The amount and rate
of depreciation is calculated as under
• Amount of depreciation = Total cost –– Scrap value
————————————
• Estimated Life
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Illustration
• A company purchased Machinery for Rs.1,00,000. Its installation
costs amounted to Rs.10,000. It’s estimated life is 5 years and the
scrap value is Rs.5,000. Calculate the amount and rate of
depreciation
• Solution:
• Total cost = Purchase Price + Installation Charges
• Rs.1,00,000 + Rs.10,000 = Rs. 1,10,000
• Amount of depreciation = Total cost –– Scrap value
Estimated Life
1,10,000 –– Rs.5,000 = 105000 = 21000
5 5
• Rate of depreciation = Amount of depreciation x 100
• Original cost
• 21000 X 100 = 19.09%
• 110000
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Written Down Value Method or Diminishing Balance
Method or Reducing Balance Method
• Under this method, depreciation is charged at a fixed
percentage each year on the reducing balance (i.e., cost
less depreciation) of asset.
• The amount of depreciation goes on decreasing every
year.
• For example,
• if the asset is purchased for Rs.1,00,000 and
depreciation is to be charged at 10% p.a. on reducing
balance method, then Depreciation for the
• 1st year = 10% on Rs.1,00,000, ie., Rs.10,000
• 2nd year = 10% on Rs.90,000 (Rs.1,00,000 –– Rs.10,000) = Rs. 9,000
• 3rd year = 10% on Rs.81,000 (Rs.90,000 - Rs.9,000) = Rs.8,100 and so on.
Ministry of Ministry of
Government of India
Finance Commerce
Trade control
RBI
Department
Exchange
control deptt
5/6/2018 SKMOHAN 122
How These Deptt. Function
Authorized dealer
AD-3 Certain
AD-1 Scheduled Ad -2 strong RRB, Co financial and other AD- 4 Full pledged
commercial operative FFM can institutions for own moneychangers
Bank,all type of do current account use NABARD,IFCI
transactions transactions They can
release Fx for Non
Trading activity
4. Directives to Authorized Persons are given by RBI through the following series of
circulars,
◦ (a) A.D. (MA) (b) A.D. (Dim) (c) A.P. (DIR) (d) A.P. (MA) (e) NOA
5. Non-Exchange Dealing branches are classified as category branches.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) B or C (e) NOA
Hard Currency
Convertible currency
Permitted Currencies
Basket of Currencies
EURO
International Market:
• It is the market, where transaction takes
place between banks in different countries.
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VALUE DATE IN FOREX TRANSACTIONS
MERCHANT MARKET
FORWARD
SPOT
Rate decided today
Rate decided today And
Transaction at a Future
transaction today
date
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INTER BANK MARKET &
INTERNATIONAL MARKET
Selling
• TT Selling
• Bills Selling
Buying
• TT buying ( it is the best rate for
customer)
• Bills Buying
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Price or Rate of Fx exchange
Buying Rate / Bid rate
Selling Rate/ offer rate
WE TREAT BUYING AND SELLING TRANSACTION ONLY
WHEN THE AD IS REQUIRED TO CONVERT FX. EXCHANGE
TO RUPEE OR vice versa
Difference between two transaction is called
MARGIN
The mean of Bid rate and offer rate is called middle rate
Selling Rate – buying rate = spread /margin/profit / BASIS
POINT SPREAD
E.g. 1usd = Rs.48.3050/3060 ( the basis point spread is 10basis points)
All inward remittance / receipt of Fx exchange when
converted to rupee involve Buying Transaction
While all outward remittance /payments of Fx
exchange involve sales transaction
If Premium -----
Add premium
( Transit and usance period rounded of to lower
month
If Discount ------
Less Forward Discount
( Transit and usance rounded to higher month
39.2607
Round off to the nearest multiple of 0.0025 , the rate quoted to
the customer would be Rs.39.2600
Customer account will be credited with USD 85000 x39.2600 =
33,37,100
Interest charges on 33,37,100 @10% for 25 days is Rs.22,857
ANS (i) Rs.45.75 (TT Selling), (ii) Rs.45.05 (Bills Buying), (iii) Rs.45.15 (TT Buying),
(iv) Rs.45.75 (TT Selling), (v) Rs.45.85 (Bills Selling
Solution : The bank will quote bills buying rate i.e. = 43.55250
Less : discount for one month = 0.60000
One month forward rate = 42.95250
Less : 0.15% exchange margin on 42.9525 = 0.06443
Bills buying rate = 42.88807
Amount payable to exporter in Rupees = 2144404.
GBP/AUD = 1.73449,
AUD/JPY = 0.85535
If Premium -----
Add premium
( for forward period ,Transit and usance period
rounded of to lower month
If Discount ------
Less Forward Discount
(for forward period ,Transit and usance rounded to
higher month
Less exchange margin -----
If Premium -----
Add premium( for forward period ,
If Discount ------
Less Forward Discount (for forward period ,
Where ‗n‘ is the number of months till maturity of the forward contract
suppose that the forward rate (60 days) for the Rupee is 49.05/$ whereas the spot rate for
it is 48.20/$ . The forward premium on Indian Rupee will be
on the other hand, the forward rate for the Rupee is 47.80/$, the forward discount on it
will be
– REMEMBER
– Forward margin is given in ascending order ---
premium add to spot rate ( AA =Ascending order
ADD)
– Descending order deduct from spot rate ( DD =
Descending = deduct )
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• You have received on 15th jan a TT from
your New York correspondent for USD
10000 for credit to your customer account .
The interbank rate is as follow
• Spot usd 1 = Rs.49.3500/.3700
• spot feb .2500/.2600
• You are require exchange margin @
0.080% calculate the rate to be applied
and the rupee amount to be credited to the
customer’s account
Calculate TT B rate
inter bank buying rate 48.3500
deduct exchange margin of 0.080 of 48.3500 0.0386
48.31132