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Types of Reactions

1. Synthesis reactions
2. Decomposition reactions
3. Single displacement reactions
4. Double displacement reactions
5. Combustion reactions
6. Neutralization reactions
7. Redox Reactions

You need to be able to identify each type.


You can think of atoms as people getting
together as couples...

Analogy Chemical Reaction


One person An ion or element
A couple A compound
Switching partners A replacement reaction
The Get Together…
1. Synthesis

Example C + O2

C + O O  O C O

General: A + B  AB
Ex. Synthesis Reaction
Practice
• Predict the products.

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

Mg(s) + F2(g)  MgF2(s)

2 Al(s) +3 F2(g)  2 AlF3(s)

• Now, balance them.


2. Decomposition

Example: NaCl

Cl Na  Cl + Na

General: AB  A + B
Decomposition
Ex. Decomposition Reaction
3. Single Displacement
Example: Zn + CuCl2
Zn was oxidized
Went from neutral (0) to (+2)

Cu + Zn  Zn + Cu
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cu was reduced
Went from (+2) to Neutral (0)

General: AB + C  AC + B
Single Replacement
Reactions
Ex. Single Replacement Reaction
Single Replacement

• A metal replaces a
hydrogen
• A metal replaces
another metal
• We use an activity
series to predict
which metals are
“stronger” and can
knock out other
metals from
compounds
Activity Series
The most active metals
are at the top. These
will replace metals
below them.
The halogens are also
listed in order of most
active at the top to least
active at the bottom.
More active elements
replace less active
elements in single
replacement reactions
Single Replacement Examples
• 2 AgNO3 + Cu  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag

• Fe + Cu(NO3)2  Fe(NO3)2 + Cu

• Zn + 2HCL  ZnCl2 + H2
Single Replacement Reactions

• Write and balance the following single


replacement reaction equation:
• Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  ZnCl2 + H2(g)

• 2 NaCl(s) + F2(g) 2 NaF(s) + Cl2(g)

•2 Al(s)+ 3 Cu(NO3)2(aq) 3 Cu(s)+ 2 Al(NO3)3(aq)


4. Double displacement

Example: MgO + CaS

Mg Ca  Mg Ca
+ +
O S S O

General: AB + CD  AD + CB
Double Replacement
Reaction
Double Replacement
Reactions
• Produces a
precipitate, liquid or
gas
• All four of the ions
switch partners
• Aqueous solution
Double Replacement Reactions

• Think about it like “foil”ing in algebra, first and


last ions go together + inside ions go together
• Example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(s)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

• Another example:
K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) 2 KNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Double Replacement Examples
• AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

• CaCO3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) +


CO2(g)

• HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  HOH(l) + NaCl(aq)


Practice
• Predict the products.
1. HCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) 
2. CaCl2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) 
3. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 
4. FeCl3(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
5. H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
6. KOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) 
5. Combustion Reactions
• Combustion reactions - a
hydrocarbon reacts with
oxygen gas.
• This is also called
burning!!!
• In order to burn something
you need the 3 things in
the “fire triangle”:

• 1) Fuel (hydrocarbon)
2) Oxygen
3) Something to ignite the
reaction (spark)
Combustion
Combustion Reactions
• In general:
CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O
• Products are ALWAYS
carbon dioxide and water.
(although incomplete burning
does cause some by-products
like carbon monoxide)
• Combustion is used to heat
homes and run automobiles
(octane, as in gasoline, is
C8H18)
Combustion
• Example
• C5H12 + 8 O2  5 CO2 + 6 H2O
• Write the products and balance the
following combustion reaction:
• C10H22 + O2 
How does this analogy break
down?
People in Relationships Chemical Reactions
People can switch partners whenever The ions or elements in a compound
they want “switch partners” according to rules
We usually just think about one In chemistry, we usually are dealing
partner and one couple with billions of particles reacting at
once
People don’t assume different states In double replacement reactions,
of matter there will be a change of state (a solid,
liquid, or gas is formed)
People aren’t swimming in water Displacement reactions generally
happen in aqueous solutions
Steps to determine
type of reaction
Write the chemical equation

How to identify a reaction Determine what is happening in


the reaction
Be systematic – it will help you identify the
reaction type and the products!
Use the table to identify the
type of reaction

Check your answer by


comparing the chemical
equation to the generic
equation
Example: Identifying a
reaction

CaO (s) + CO2 (g) 


CaCO3 (s)
How to identify a reaction
2 compounds are
Example: reacting to form one
Solid calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas
react to produce solid calcium carbonate compound
This is a synthesis
reaction

A + B  AB
Summary

The main types of Replacement


reactions Reactions: 2 types
• Combustion – reaction • Single replacement – a
with oxygen stronger cation steps
• Synthesis – two in and replaces a
compounds or elements weaker anion
getting together
• Decomposition – One • Double replacement –
compound splitting up 2 cations switch
• Replacement – Another places, forming a
ion moves in precipitate, a liquid, or
a gas
Which type of reaction?

4 P + 5 O2  P4O10
Which type of reaction?

Cl2 + 2NaBr  2NaCl + O2


Which type of reaction?

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 2NaCl + BaSO4


Which type of reaction?

2 HgO + Cl2 2HgCl + O2


Which type of reaction?

2 Al2O3  4 Al + 3 O2
Which type of reaction?

CuCl2 + H2S  CuS + 2HCl


Which type of reaction?

3 H2 + N2  2 NH 3
Which type of reaction?

2 HgO  2Hg + O2
Mixed Practice
• State the reaction type & predict the
products.

1. BaCl2 + H2SO4 
2. C6H12 + O2 
3. Zn + CuSO4 
4. Cs + Br2 
5. FeCO3 
You try it!

• Work on these examples together in pairs.


• Write the reaction
• Balance the equation
• Classify the reaction
• Be prepared to present your results on the board!

• Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid form Magnesium


Chloride and Hydrogen
• Carbon Dioxide and Water form Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
• Silver Nitrate and Sodium Chloride form Silver Chloride
and Sodium Nitrate
• Heating sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) releases water and
carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate
You try it!
• Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid form
Magnesium Chloride and Hydrogen:
– Mg + HCl  MgCl + H2 (skeleton equation)
– 2Mg + 2HCl  2MgCl + H2 (balanced
equation)
– Single replacement (reaction type)
• Carbon Dioxide and Water form Carbonic
Acid (H2CO3):
– CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 (skeleton equation)
– CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 (it’s already balanced!)
You try it!
• Silver Nitrate and Sodium Chloride form
Silver Chloride and Sodium Nitrate
– AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3 (skeleton
equation)
– AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3 (already
balanced)
– Double replacement (reaction type)
• Heating sodium bicarbonate releases
water and carbon dioxide and sodium
carbonate
6. Neutralization (Acid-Base)
Reactions

• Involve an acid and a base.


• A molecular compound (water) is a
common product along with a salt (ionic
compound).

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All the other acids and bases are weak
electrolytes (important for net ionic
equations).

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Acid-Base Neutralization
• Neutralization: Reaction between an
acid and a base
Acid + Base  Salt + Water
Molecular equation:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Ionic equation:
H+(aq)+ Cl(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq)
 Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
Net ionic equation:
H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l)
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7. Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
• Often called “redox” reactions
• Electrons are transferred between the
reactants
– One substance is oxidized, loses electrons
• Reducing agent
– Another substance is reduced, gains
electrons
• Oxidizing agent
• Oxidation numbers change during the
reaction
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– Example
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)


– Zinc is losing 2 electrons and oxidized.
• Reducing agent
• Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e
– Copper ions are gaining the 2 electrons.
• Oxidizing agent
• Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s)

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Reaction of Cu and Zn2+ ions

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• Rules for assigning oxidation numbers
1. Elements (uncombined) are 0.
Al, N2, He, Zn, Ag, Br2, O2, O3
2. Oxidation numbers must sum to the
overall charge of the species.
SO42 = 2 (O is usually 2 so….)
? + 4(2) = 2
Solve: ?  8 = 2 ? = + 6 (S)

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Guidelines for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

is1 and for KO2 is ½.

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Assign oxidation numbers for all elements
in each species
MgBr2
Mg +2, Br 1
ClO2
Cl +3 , O 2

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Oxidation Numbers on the Periodic Table

(most common in red)

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