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ISOSTÁTICAS
Líneas de Influencia para Viga
Líneas de Influencia para Vigas de Piso
Líneas de Influencia para Armaduras
Máxima Influencia en un Punto Debido a una Serie de
Cargas Concentradas
Cortante y Momento Máximo Absoluto
Líneas de Influencia Cualitativas. Principio de Muller -
Breslau
Línea de Influencia
A
B
Ejemplo1
B
4m 4m 4m
SOLUCIÓN
• Reacción en A
1
x C
A
Ay By
8m 4m
x Ay
0 1 1
+ MB = 0: Ay(8) 1(8 x) 0, Ay 1 x
4 0.5 8
8 0
Ay
12 -0.5
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
• Reacción en B
1
x C
A
Ay By
x By 8m 4m
0 0
1
4 0.5 + MA = 0: By (8) 1x 0, By x
8
8 1
12 1.5 By 1.5
1
0.5
x
4m 8m 12 m
• Cortante en C
0 x 4 4 x 12
1
x C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x C
+ Fy = 0: 1 1 x 1V C 0
0 x 4 A MC 8
1 1
Ay 1 x VC x
8 VC 8
4m
x C
1
4 x 12 A MC + Fy= 0: 1 x VC 0
1 8
Ay 1 x 1
8 VC VC 1 x
4m 8
0 x 4 4 x 12 x VC
1 1 0 0
VC x
x C 8 4- -0.5
A 4+ 0.5
1
VC 1 x 8 0
8
Ay By
4m 4m 4m 12 -0.5
1
VC VC 1 x
8
0.5
4m 8m 12 m
x
-0.5 -0.5
1
VC x
8
• Momento Flector en C
0 x 4 4 x 12
1
x C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x C
1
0 x 4 A MC + MC = 0: M C 1(4 x) (1 x)(4) 0
1 8
Ay 1 x VC MC x
1
8
4m 2
x C
1
4 x 12 A MC + MC = 0: M C (1 x)(4) 0
1 8
Ay 1 x 1
8 VC MC 4 x
4m 2
0 x 4 4 x 12
x MC
1
1 0 0
x MC x
C 2 4 2
A
1 8 0
MC 4 x
Ay By 2 12 -2
4m 4m 4m
1
MC x 1
2 MC 4 x
MC 2
2
8m 12 m
x
4m
-2
O usando las condiciones de equilibrio:
• Reacción en A
1
x C
A
Ay By
8m 4m
Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
• Reacción en B
1
x C
A
Ay By
8m 4m
Ay
+ Fy = 0: Ay By 1 0
1
By 1 Ay
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
By By 1 Ay 1.5
1
0.5
x
4m 8m 12 m
• Cortante en C
0 x 4 4 x 12
1
x C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x C
+ Fy = 0: Ay 1V C 0
0 x 4 A MC
1
Ay 1 x VC Ay 1
8 VC
4m
x C
4 x 12 A MC + Fy = 0: Ay VC 0
1
Ay 1 x VC Ay
8 VC
4m
C
A
B
4m 4m 4m
Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
VC Ay 1 VC Ay -0.5
VC
0.5
4m 8m 12 m
x
-0.5 -0.5
• Momento Flector en C
0 x 4 4 x 12
1
x C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x C
0 x 4 A MC + MC = 0: Ay (4) 1(4 x) M C 0
1
Ay 1 x VC M C 4Ay (4 x)
8
4m
x C
4 x 12 A MC + MC = 0: Ay (4) M C 0
1
Ay 1 x M C 4Ay
8 VC
4m
C
A
B
4m 4m 4m
Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
M C 4Ay (4 x) M C 4Ay -0.5
MC
2
8m 12 m
x
4m
-2
• Cortante antes del apoyo B 1
x
C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x MB MB
8m 8m
Ay VB -
Ay VB-
VB-= Ay-1 VB-= Ay
Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
VB- 4m
-0.5
x
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
MB MB
4m 4m
VB+ VB+
VB+= 0 VB+= 1
Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
VB+ 1
x
• Momento Flector en el apoyo B 1
x
C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x MB MB
8m 8m
Ay VB -
Ay VB-
MB = 8Ay-(8-x) MB = 8Ay
Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
MB 4m
-0.5
x
1
-4
Líneas de Influencia para Vigas
• Reacción P=1
C
A B
x'
P=1 y 1
y ' sB
y= 1 L L
C
A B
Ay By
Ay y'
P=1
C
A B
x'
P=1
y' y = 1
C
A B
y 1
sA
Ay L L By
By y'
- Apoyo Fijo
C B
a b
B
A
RA
RA 1
b
L
x
- Apoyo Empotrado
A B
a b
L
A B
RA
RA 1 1
x
P=1
• Cortante
A C B
a b
VC P=1
1
y' sB
y=1 yR L
A B
yL
Ay 1
sA By
L VC
VC ( yL yR ) y '
Pendientes : s A sB
y=1
VC y '
- Apoyo Fijo
C B
a b
L
VC
A B
VC 1
VC 1 Pendiente s B
L
b
1 L
x
-a
L
1
Pendiente sA
L
-1
Pendiente enA = Pendiente enB
- Apoyo Empotrado
A B
a b
L
VB
A B
VB
VB 1 1
x
• Momento Flector
P=1
A C B
a b
A B 1
P=1
h MC MC y '
A B
h h
Ay A B
a b By
C B
a b
Rótula
A B
MC MC
MC
a b
C = A + B = 1
ab
a+b
x
b
A a
L A
L
- Apoyo Empotrado
A B
a b
L
A B
MC MC
MB
x
1
-b
• Cortante General
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L
VC 3/4
1
x
VD -1/4 2/4
1 x
VE -2/4
1/4
x
1
VB-
-3/4
x
-1
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
VB- L
-1
VB+ 1
x
VF 1
VG 1
x
• Momento Flector General
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L
MC 3L/16 = sA + sB = 1
x
A = 3/4 B = 1/4
4L/16
MD = sA + sB = 1
x
A = 1/2 B = 1/2
ME 3L/16
= A + B = 1
x
A = 1/4 B = 3/4
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L
MB
x
1
3L/4
MF
x
1
2L/4
MG
x
1
L/4
Ejemplo 2
A B Rótula D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
SOLUCIÓN
B C D E
A
2m 2m 2m 4m
RA
RA 1
x
B C D E
A
2m 2m 2m 4m
RC
8/6
1
RC 4/6
x
A B D
C
E
2m 2m 2m 4m
RE
1
RE 2/6
-2/6
VD
A B D
C E
VD
2m 2m 2m 4m
1 4/6
2/6
=
VD 1
x
=
sE = 1/6
sC = 1/6 -1
-2/6
• sE = sC
O usando las condiciones de equilibrio: 1
A B Rótula D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
VD x
4m VD
MD 4m
MD
RE RE
VD = -RE VD = 1 -RE
1
RE 2/6
-2/6
4/6
VD 2/6
x
-2/6
A B MD MD
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
(2)(4)/6 = 1.33
4
2 D = C+E = 1
MD
C = 4/6 2/6 = E
x
-1.33
O usando las condiciones de equilibrio: 1
A B Rótula D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
VD x
4m VD
MD 4m
MD
RE RE
MD = 4RE MD = -(4-x)+4RE
1
RE 2/6
-2/6
8/6
MD
x
-8/6
VCL
A
C E
B D
VCL
2m 2m 2m 4m
VCL
x
-1 -1
O usando las condicinones de equilibrio:
A B 1 D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1 MB MB
RA VCL RA VCL
VCL = RA -1 VCL = R A
RA 1
VCL
x
-1 -1
VCR
A
C E
B D
VCR
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
0.667
VCR 0.333
x
O usando las condiciones de equilibrio:
A B 1 D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
MC MC
VCR VCR
VCR = -RE RE VCR = 1 -RE RE
1
RE 2/6=0.33
-2/6 = -0.333
1
0.667
VCR 0.333
x
A B M C C MC D E
2m 2m 2m 4m
MC
x
1
-2
O usando las condiciones de equilibrio:
A B 1 D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
x'
MC MC
6m 6m
VCR VCR
MC = 6RE RE M C 6RA x' RE
1
RE 2/6=0.33
-2/6 = -0.333
MC
x
1
-2
Ejemplo 3
Rótula
A D B E C F
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
SOLUCIÓN
D B E C F
A
RA 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
1 1
RA
0.5
x
-0.5
-1
A D B E F
C
RC
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
2
1.5
1
0.5
RC x
VD
A B E C F
D
VD
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
VD 1 1
=
0.5
x
=
-0.5 -1
VE
A D B E C F
VE
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
0.5
VE
=
1
x
=
-0.5 -0.5
-1
VF
A D B E C F
VF
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
=
VF
x
=
A D B E C F
MD MD
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
2
MD
1
x
D = 1
-1
-2
A D B ME ME C
E F
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
(2)(2)/4 = 1 = 1
ME E
x
B = 0.5 C = 0.5
-1
-2
A D B C ME ME
E F
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
MF
x
F = 1
-2
Ejemplo 4
Determinar la máxima reacción del apoyo B, el máximo valor del cortante en el punto
C y el máximo momento positivo que puede desarrollarse en C, para la viga mostrada
sujeta a las siguientes cargas:
A C B
4m 4m 4m
SOLUCIÓN 8000 N
3000 N/m
1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m
RB
1.5
1
0.5
0.5(12)(1.5) = 9
x
= 48000 N = 48 kN
8000 N
3000 N/m 3000 N/m
1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m
VC
0.5
0.5(4)(0.5) = 1
x
0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1 0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1
-0.5 -0.5
= -11000 N = 11 kN
8000 N 3000 N/m
1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m
MC
2
+(1/2)(8)(2) = 8
x
(1/2)(4)(2) = 4
-2