Handover Algorithm and Parameters

WCDMA Handover
Algorithm and
Parameters
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Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 Why mobile system need handover?
 The mobility of UE
 Load Balance
 Any others?
Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
References
 3GPP TS 23.122: Non Access Stratum functions related to Mobile
Station (MS) in idle mode
 3GPP TS 24.008: Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification; Core
Network Protocols - Stage 3
 3GPP TS 25.304: UE Procedures in Idle Mode and Procedures for Cell
Reselection in Connected Mode
 3GPP TS 25.331: RRC Protocol Specification
 3GPP TS 23.060: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service
description
 3GPP TS 25.931: UTRAN Functions, Examples on Signalling
Procedures
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Explain the features of each handover
 Describe the procedures of each handover
 Perform the parameters setting of each handover
The Basic Concepts of Handover
 Active set  Maximum ratio combination
 Monitored set  Selective combination
 Detected set  Soft handover gain
 Radio link (RL)  PCPICH
 Radio link set (RLS)
Contents
1. Intra-Frequency Handover
2. Inter-Frequency Handover
3. Inter-RAT Handover
4. Service-Based PS Service Redirection from UMTS to LTE
Contents
1. Intra-Frequency Handover Overview
2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement
3. Intra-Frequency Handover Decision and Execution
4. Signaling Procedures for Intra-Frequency Handover
Intra-Frequency Handover Types
 The carrier frequencies of the current cell and target cell are the
same:
 Intra-frequency soft handover
 Intra-frequency hard handover
Intra-Frequency Handover Types
(Cont.)
 Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Item Soft Handover Hard Handover
The number of RLs in active

Several One
set during handover
Interruption during handover No Yes
Only happened
Can be happened in Intra-frequency
The frequencies of cells between Intra-frequency
cells or Inter-frequency cells
cells
Intra-Frequency Soft Handover
 The types of intra-frequency soft handover are as follows:
 Intra-NodeB soft handover (also known as softer handover)
 Intra-RNC inter-NodeB soft handover
 Inter-RNC soft handover
Intra-Frequency Soft Handover (cont.)
 Comparison between soft handover and softer handover:
Item Softer Handover Soft Handover
When the UE is in the overlapped When the UE is in the overlapped

Scenario coverage area of two neighboring cells coverage area of two neighboring
of a NodeB with combined RLs cells of different NodeBs
Uplink signal Using maximum-ratio combination Using selection combination
Downlink signal Using maximum-ratio combination Using maximum-ratio combination
Resource use Occupying less Iub bandwidth Occupying more Iub bandwidth
Intra-Frequency Hard Handover
 Intra-frequency hard handover:
 No Iur interface
 Iur interface is congested
 Soft handover fails
Contents
Intra-Frequency Handover Procedure
Measurement Decision
Execution
Contents

1. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement Quantities
2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement Events
3. Intra-Frequency Handover Neighboring Cell Combination

Algorithm
Intra-Frequency Handover
Measurement
 Measurement control:
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement (Cont.)
 Measurement report:
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurement Quantities
 Measurement model in the WCDMA system:
 L3 filtering formula:
Fn  (1   )  Fn1    M n
Parameters of Intra-Frequency
Measurement
 IntraFreqMeasQuantity
 Parameter name: Intra-freq Measure Quantity
 Recommended value: CPICH_EC/NO
 FilterCoef
 Parameter name: Intra-freq meas L3 filter coeff
 Recommended value: D3, namely K=3
Contents


Algorithm
Measurement Events
Event Description
A primary CPICH enters the reporting range. This indicates that the quality of a
1A cell is close to the quality of the best cell in the active set. A relatively high
combined gain can be achieved when the cell is added to the active set.
A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range. This indicates that a cell has a
1B lower quality than the best cell in the active set. The cell has to be deleted from
the active set.
A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH.

This indicates that the quality of a cell is better than the quality of the worst cell
1C
in the active set. The RNC replaces a cell in the active set with a cell in the
monitored set.
1D The best cell changes.
Measurement Events (Cont.)
 1A event
 Event 1A is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
NA
M New  CIONew  W  ( M i )  (1  W )  M Best  ( R1a  H1a / 2)
i 1
 A: signal quality curve of the best cell in the active set
 B: signal quality curve of a cell in the monitored set
 C: curve of Th1A
Handover (Cont.)
 CIO
 Parameter name: Cell oriented Cell Individual Offset
 Recommended value: 0, namely 0dB
 CIOOffset
 Parameter name: Neighboring cell oriented CIO
Handover (Cont.)
 IntraRelThdFor1ACSNVP
 Parameter name: CS non VP service 1A event relative THD
 IntraRelThdFor1ACSVP
 Parameter name: VP service 1A event relative THD
 IntraRelThdFor1APS
 Parameter name: PS service 1A event relative threshold
Handover (Cont.)
 Hystfor1A
 Parameter name: 1A hysteresis
 TrigTime1A
 Parameter name: 1A event trigger delay time
 Recommended value: D320, namely 320ms
 Weight
 Parameter name: Weighted factor
 Recommended value: 0
 1A event report mode:
 Event trigger report
 Event to periodical report
Handover (Cont.)
 ReportIntervalfor1A
 Parameter name: 1A event to periodical rpt period
 PeriodMRReportNumfor1A
 Parameter name: 1A event to periodical rpt number
 Recommended value: D16
 1B event
 Event 1B is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
NA
M Old  CIOOld  W  ( M i )  (1  W )  M Best  ( R1b  H1b / 2)
i 1
 B: signal quality curve of the worst cell in the active set
 C: curve of Th1B
Handover (Cont.)
 IntraRelThdFor1BCSNVP
 Parameter name: CS non VP service 1B event relative THD
 IntraRelThdFor1BCSVP
 Parameter name: VP service 1B event relative THD
 IntraRelThdFor1BPS
 Parameter name: PS service 1B event relative threshold
Handover (Cont.)
 Hystfor1B
 Parameter name: 1B hysteresis
 TrigTime1B
 Parameter name: 1B event trigger delay time
 1C event
 Event 1C is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
M New  CIONew  M InAS  CIOInAS  H1c / 2

 B: signal quality curve of a cell in the active set
 C: signal quality curve of the worst cell in the active set
 D: signal quality curve of a cell in the monitored set
 E: curve of Th1C
Handover (Cont.)
 Hystfor1C
 Parameter name: 1C hysteresis
 TrigTime1C
 Parameter name: 1C event trigger delay time
 1C event report mode:
 Event trigger report
 Event to periodical report
Handover (Cont.)
 ReportIntervalfor1C
 Parameter name: 1C event to periodical rpt period
 PeriodMRReportNumfor1C
 Parameter name: 1C event to periodical rpt number
 1D event
 Event 1D is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
M NotBest  CIONotBest  M Best  CIOBest  H1d / 2
 B: signal quality curve of a cell in the active set or the monitored set
 C: curve of Th1D
Handover (Cont.)
 Hystfor1D
 Parameter name: 1D hysteresis
 TrigTime1D
 Parameter name: 1D event trigger delay time
Contents


Algorithm
Neighboring Cell Combination
Algorithm
Cell A Cell B Cell C
Cell A, Cell B and Cell C

are in active set. Cell A is
the best cell. Cell B
Ec/No is greater than
Cell C.
Cell A Cell B Cell C A B C
Secondly, the
Firstly, the cells in After that, the Finally, the
neighboring cells
the active set are neighboring cells neighboring cells
of cell A are
added. of cell B are added. of cell C are added.
added.
Parameters of Neighboring Cell
Combination Algorithm
 HO_MC_NCELL_COMBINE_SWITCH
 Parameter name: Neighboring Cell Combination Switch
 Recommended value: ON
 NprioFlag
 Parameter name: The flag of the priority
 Recommended value: FALSE
 Nprio
 Parameter name: the priority of the neighboring cell
 Recommended value: None
Contents
Intra-Frequency Handover Decision
and Execution
 The intra-frequency handover decision and execution
procedure depends on the different measurement events
that the RNC receives:
 1A Event
 1B Event
 1C Event
 1D Event
Handover (Cont.)
 MaxCellInActiveSet
 Parameter name: Max number of cell in active set
 SHOQualmin
 Parameter name: Min quality THD for SHO
 Recommended value: -24, namely -24dB
Rate Reduction After an SHO Failure
 If the radio link addition for a soft handover fails, the rate reduction
is triggered for R99 NRT (Non Real Time) services to increase the
probability of a successful soft handover
1A,1C,1D is received by RNC
Execute admission control in target cell
No
Admission succeed? Estimation
Yes Rate Reduction
Execution
Execute Handover
Estimation Procedure for Rate
Reduction
Handover (Cont.)
 RelThdForDwnGrd
 Parameter name: Relative threshold of SHO failure
 ShoFailPeriod
 Parameter name: Max evaluation period of SHO failure
 Recommended value: 60, namely 60s
 ShoFailNumForDwnGrd
 Parameter name: Threshold number of SHO failure
Procedure of Rate Reduction Execution
Handover (Cont.)
 DcccShoPenaltyTime
 Parameter name: Period of penalty timer for SHO failure after
down rate
Contents
Typical Soft Handover Flow (L3 Signaling)
 Soft handover is triggered by 1A/1B/1C or 1D event
UE RNC
RRC Connection Setup Procedure
Measurement Control
Measurement Report (1A/1B/1C or 1D)
Active Set Update
Active Set Update Complete
Measurement Control
Intra-Frequency Hard Handover
 Intra-Frequency hard handover is triggered by 1D event
UE RNC
Measurement Control (Intra-freq)
Measurement Report (1D)

Decision to
setup new RL
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete
Measurement Control (Intra-Freq)
Contents
Contents
1. Inter-Frequency Handover Overview
2. Inter-Frequency Handover Measurement
3. Inter-Frequency Handover Decision and Execution
4. Signaling Procedures for Inter-Frequency Handover
Inter-Frequency Handover Types
 The carrier frequency of the current cell and target cell are
different
 Based on the triggering causes of handover, inter-frequency

handover can be categorized into four types:
 Coverage-based inter-frequency handover
 QoS-based inter-frequency handover
 Load-based inter-frequency handover
Contents
1. Inter-Frequency Handover Measurement Switches
2. Inter-Frequency Handover Measurement Report Modes
3. Inter-Frequency Handover Measurement Events
4. Inter-Frequency Handover Measurement Quantity
5. Inter-Frequency Handover Compressed Mode

Inter-Frequency Handover
Measurement
 In the measurement phase of inter-frequency handover, the
UE takes measurement according to the MEASUREMENT
CONTROL message received from the RNC. When the
measurement report conditions are met, the UE sends
measurement reports to the RNC according to the rules
defined in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message.
Measurement Switches
 Switches related to inter-frequency handover:
 HO_MC_SIGNAL_SWITCH: The switch decides when the
RNC performs the active set signal quality measurement.
 HO_INTER_FREQ_HARD_HO_SWITCH: The switch decides

whether to enable the inter-frequency handover measurement
Contents

Measurement Report Modes
 Event-triggered measurement report mode
 UE test the Inter-frequency neighbor RSCP and Ec/No
 Periodical measurement report mode

 UE test the Inter-frequency neighbor RSCP and Ec/No, and
current cell Ec/No or RSCP
 InterFreqReportMode
 Parameter name: Inter-frequency measure report mode
 Recommended value: Periodical reporting
Measurement Report Modes
 PrdReportInterval
 Parameter name: Inter-frequency measure periodical rpt period
 InterFreqMeasTime
 Parameter name: Inter-freq measure timer length
Contents

Measurement Events
 Measurement events involved in inter-frequency handover
Event Description
2D The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is

below a certain threshold.
2F The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is
above a certain threshold.
2B The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is
below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a
non-used frequency is above a certain threshold.
Measurement Events - 2D
 2D event:
 The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below
a certain threshold.
QUsed ≤ TUsed2d - H2d/2

 Where :
 Qused is the Ec/No or RSCP measurement value of the currently

used frequency
 Tused2d is Ec/NO or RSCP absolute threshold for 2D event, the

values of different service types can be different
Parameters of Inter-Frequency
Handover -2D
 Recommended values of TUsed2d :
Parameter Recommended Value
InterFreqCSThd2DEcN0 -14, namely -14dB
InterFreqR99PsThd2DEcN0 -14, namely -14dB
InterFreqHThd2DEcN0 -14, namely -14dB
InterFreqCSThd2DRSCP -95, namely -95dBm
InterFreqR99PsThd2DRSCP -95, namely -95dBm
InterFreqHThd2DRSCP -95, namely -95dBm
Handover - 2D (Cont.)
 HystFor2D
 Parameter name: 2D hysteresis
 TimeToTrig2D
 Parameter name: 2D event trigger delay time
Measurement Events - 2F
 2F event
 The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above
 Event 2F is triggered on the basis of the following formula:

QUsed ≥ TUsed2f + H2f/2
 Where :
 Qused is the Ec/No or RSCP measurement value of the currently

used frequency
 Tused2f is Ec/NO or RSCP absolute threshold for 2F event, the

values of different service types are different
Handover -2F
 Recommended values of TUsed2f :
InterFreqCSThd2FEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
InterFreqR99PsThd2FEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
InterFreqHThd2FEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
InterFreqCSThd2FRSCP -92, namely -92dBm
InterFreqR99PsThd2FRSCP -92, namely -92dBm
InterFreqHThd2FRSCP -92, namely -92dBm
Handover - 2F (Cont.)
 HystFor2F
 Parameter name: 2F hysteresis
 TimeToTrig2F
 Parameter name: 2F event trigger delay time
Measurement Events - 2B
 2B event:
a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used
frequency is above a certain threshold
 Event 2B is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
QNoused ≥ TNoused2b + H2b/2
QUsed ≤ TUsed2b - H2b/2
Handover - 2B
 Recommended values of TNoused2b :
TargetFreqCsThdEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
TargetFreqR99PsThdEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
TargetFreqHThdEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
TargetFreqCsThdRscp -92, namely -92dBm
TargetFreqR99PsThdRscp -92, namely -92dBm
TargetFreqHThdRscp -92, namely -92dBm
Handover - 2B (conj.)
 Recommended values of TUsed2b :
UsedFreqCSThdEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
UsedFreqR99PsThdEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
UsedFreqHThdEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
UsedFreqCSThdRSCP -92, namely -92dBm
UsedFreqR99PsThdRSCP -92, namely -92dBm
UsedFreqHThdRSCP -92, namely -92dBm
Handover -2B (Cont.)
 HystFor2B
 Parameter name: 2B hysteresis
 TimeToTrig2B
 Parameter name: 2B event trigger delay time
Handover - Common
 CIO
 CIOOffset
Handover - Common (Cont.)
 HystForPrdInterFreq
 Parameter name: HHO hysteresis
 TimeToTrigForPrdInterFreq
 Parameter name: HHO period trigger delay time
 Recommended value: 0, namely 0ms
Contents

Measurement Quantity
 Measurement quantities vary according to the types of inter-frequency
handover
 In inter-frequency handover based on coverage, event (2B/2D/2F) or periodical
measurement takes both CPICH Ec/No and RSCP as measurement quantities
 In inter-frequency handover based on QoS, event (2B) or periodical
measurement takes both CPICH Ec/No and RSCP as measurement quantities.
 In load-based inter-frequency blind handover, CPICH RSCP of the used
frequency is measured.
 In load- and measure-based inter-frequency handover, both CPICH_RSCP and
CPICH_Ec/No of the target frequency are measured
Contents

Compressed Mode
 Compressed Mode control is a mechanism whereby certain
idle periods are created in radio frames during which the UE
can perform measurements on other frequencies.
 If the UE needs to measure the pilot signal strength of an

inter-frequency 3G or 2G cell and has a single-frequency
receiver only, the UE must use the compressed mode.
Compressed Mode
 The parameter DlSFLimitCMInd decides whether to start the DL
compressed mode according to the parameter LimitCMDlSFThd
 If DlSFLimitCMInd = True
 When the downlink spreading factor is smaller than or equal to the
parameter LimitCMDlSFThd, the compressed mode is disabled
 When the downlink spreading factor is greater than the parameter

LimitCMDlSFThd, the compressed mode is enabled
 If DlSFLimitCMInd = False and the compressed mode is not limited
Compressed Mode
 DlSFLimitCMInd
 Parameter name: Dl SF limit CM ind
 Recommended value: FALSE
 LimitCMDlSFThd
 Parameter name: Dl SF threshold to limit CM
 Recommended value: D8 , namely SF8
Compressed Mode
 Categories
 Downlink compressed mode
 Uplink compressed mode
 Realization Methods
 Spreading factor reduction (SF/2)
 Higher layer scheduling
Compressed Mode
 DlSFTurnPoint
 Parameter name: Dl SF threshold
 UlSFTurnPoint
 Parameter name: Ul SF threshold
Contents
1. Coverage- and QoS-based Inter-Frequency Handover Decision and
Execution
2. Load-based Inter-Frequency Handover Decision and Execution
Coverage- and QoS-based Inter-
Frequency Handover Procedure
Reporting Mode
 The coverage- and QoS-based inter-frequency handovers
are categorized into two types according to the following two
measurement report modes:
 Periodical measurement report mode
 Event-triggered measurement report mode.
 Each mode corresponds to a different decision and

execution procedure.
Periodical Measurement Report Mode
 After receiving the periodical measurement report of the
inter-frequency cell, the RNC starts the following decision
procedures:
 Decide whether both the CPICH Ec/No value and CPICH RSCP
value of the pilot signal of the target cell meet the requirement of
inter-frequency handover. The evaluation formula is : Mother_Freq +
CIOother_Freq ≥ Tother_Freq + H/2
 Start the hard handover time-to-trigger timer, which is configured
through the parameter TimeToTrigForPrdInterFreq
 If Mother_Freq + CIOother_Freq < Tother_Freq - H/2, stop the timer
 Select the cells in sequence, that is, from high quality cells to low
quality ones, to initiate inter-frequency handover
 Periodical measurement report mode:
Event-Triggered Measurement Report
Mode
 After receiving the event 2B measurement reports of CPICH
RSCP and CPICH Ec/No of the inter-frequency cell, the
RNC starts the following procedure:
 Add all the pilot cells that trigger event 2B to a cell set and
arrange the cells according to the measurement quality of
CPICH_Ec/No in descending order
 Select the cells in turn from the cell set to perform inter-
frequency handover
Contents
1. Coverage- and QoS-based Inter-Frequency Handover Decision and
Execution
2. Load-based Inter-Frequency Handover Decision and Execution
Load-based Inter-Frequency Handover
 The LDR algorithm may trigger an inter-frequency
handover.
 The inter-frequency LDR handover can be performed based

on blind handover or measurement that can be decided by
the parameter InterFreqLDHOMethodSelection
 InterFreqLDHOMethodSelection
 Parameter name: InterFreq Load Handover Method Selection
 Recommended value: BLINDHO
Load-based Inter-Frequency Blind
Handover
Handover Decision
 The LDR algorithm learns that a cell is in basic congestion
and provides target cells and the UE with low priority for
handover.
 The RNC determines to trigger an inter-frequency blind

handover.
Handover Decision
 If the UE is not in soft handover state, the RNC directly performs
load-based inter-frequency blind handover.
 If the UE is in soft handover state, the RNC operates based on the
following conditions:
 If the HO_ALGO_LDR_ALLOW_SHO_SWITCH is set to ON, the RNC
determines whether the cell that triggers LDR is the best cell:
 If this cell is the best cell, the RNC initiates an intra-frequency
measurement for load-based inter-frequency blind handover. If this cell is
not the best cell, the RNC does not initiate a load-based inter-frequency
blind handover.
 If the HO_ALGO_LDR_ALLOW_SHO_SWITCH is set to OFF, the

RNC does not initiate a load-based inter-frequency blind handover.
Handover Execution
 1. The RNC initializes the timer of intra-frequency measurement for blind
handover.
 2. The RNC initiates a periodical intra-frequency measurement.
 3. After receiving from the UE the intra-frequency measurement reports
for conditional blind handover, the RNC checks whether the following
condition is met:
 CPICH RSCP of the cell in the measurement report >=
BlindHOQualityCondition
 If the condition is met, the RNC increments the counter of the number of intra-
frequency measurement reports for blind handover by 1.
 If the condition is not met, the RNC does not perform a blind handover to the
cell that triggers LDR and stops intra-frequency measurement for blind
handover.
Handover Execution
 4. When the counter reaches the value of
BlindHOIntrafreqMRAmount, the RNC initiates a blind
handover to the target cell.
 5. If the timer of intra-frequency measurement for blind

handover expires, the RNC does not perform a blind
handover to the target cell and stops intra-frequency
handover measurement for blind handover.
Parameters of Load-based Inter-
Frequency Blind Handover
 BlindHOFlag
 Parameter name: Blind handover flag
 Recommended value: False
 HO_ALGO_LDR_ALLOW_SHO_SWITCH
 Parameter name: HandOver switch
Frequency Blind Handover (Cont.)
 BlindHOIntrafreqMRInterval
 Parameter name: Intrafrequency measurement report interval
of blind HO
 BlindHOQualityCondition
 Parameter name: Blind handover condition
 Recommended value: -92, namely -92dBm
Frequency Blind Handover (Cont.)
 BlindHOIntrafreqMRAmount
 Parameter name: Intrafrequency measurement report amount
of blind handover
 Recommended value: D2, namely 2 times
Load-based Inter-Frequency Measure-
based Handover
based Handover Decision and
Execution
 The LDR algorithm learns that a cell is in basic congestion
and provides target cells and the UE with low priority for
handover.
 The RNC selects the target cell based on the measurement

results. The report period is specified by the parameter
PrdReportInterval.
based Handover Decision and
Execution
 The target cell must meet the following conditions:
 The CPICH RSCP value of the target cell is larger than
TargetFreqThdRscp.
 The CPICH Ec/No value of the target cell is larger than

TargetFreqThdEcN0
 The target cell is not in the basic congestion state.
 The RNC performs an inter-frequency hard handover to the

target cell directly.
Frequency Measure-based Handover
 PRDREPORTINTERVAL
 Parameter name: Inter-freq Measure Periodical Report Period
 TARGETFREQTHDRSCP
 Parameter name: Inter-freq Target Frequency Trigger RSCP
THD
 Recommended value: -92, namely -92dBm
 TARGETFREQTHDECN0
 Parameter name: Inter-freq Target Frequency Trigger Ec/No
THD
Contents
Inter-frequency Handover
UE RNC
Measurement Control (2D & 2F)
Measurement Report(2D)
Decision to enter
compress mode
Measurement Control (Inter-Freq)
Measurement Report
Decision to
setup new RL
Contents
Contents
1. Inter-RAT Handover Overview
2. 3G-to-2G Handover Measurement
3. 3G-to-2G Handover Decision and Execution
4. Signaling Procedures for Inter-RAT Handover
Inter-RAT Handover Scenarios
Inter-RAT Handover Types
 Based on the triggering causes of handover, inter-frequency
handover can be categorized into five types:
 Coverage-based 3G to 2G handover
 QoS-based 3G to 2G handover
 Load-based 3G to 2G handover
 Service-based 3G to 2G handover
3G-to-2G Handover Preconditions
 Before handover, the RNC checks whether all the preconditions
for the 3G-to-2G handover are met:
 Service handover indicators
 Service requirements
 Handover rules
 Before deciding the 3G-to-2G handover, the RNC checks whether
all the preconditions are met :
 2G cell capability
 Service capability
 UE capability
Service Handover Indicator
 The IE Service Handover Indicator indicates the CN policy
for the service handover to the 2G network. It is indicated in
the RAB assignment signaling assigned by the CN, or
provided by the RNC
 The algorithm switch HoSwitch:

HO_INTER_RAT_RNC_SERVICE_HO_SWITCH decides
whether the service attribute of inter-RAT handover is based
on the RNC or the CN
Service Handover Indicator
 Through the SHIND parameter, the service handover indicators
are set in RNC as follows:
 HO_TO_GSM_SHOULD_BE_PERFORM: means that the handover
to the 2G network is performed when 2G signals are available.
 HO_TO_GSM_SHOULD_NOT_BE_PERFORM: means that the
handover to the 2G network is performed when 3G signals are weak
but 2G signals are strong.
 HO_TO_GSM_SHALL_NOT_BE_PERFORM: means that the
handover to the 2G network is not performed even when 3G signals
are weak but 2G signals are strong.
Rules for Enabling 3G-to-2G Handover
 Rules for enabling Coverage- and QoS-based 3G-to-2G
handover:
 Service Handover Indicator:
 HO_TO_GSM_SHOULD_BE_PERFORM
 HO_TO_GSM_SHOULD_NOT_BE_PERFORM
 Impacts of different types of capability on handover decision:

 Refer to the following table
 Rules for enabling Load-based 3G-to-2G handover: :
 HO_TO_GSM_SHOULD_NOT_BE_PERFORM

 Rules for enabling Service-based 3G-to-2G handover: :

 Switches for Service-based 3G-to-2G Handover
2G Cell Capability
 2G cell capability is configured through the parameter
RATCELLTYPE. This parameter indicates whether the cell
supports the GSM, GPRS, or EDGE.
 RATCELLTYPE
 Parameter name: Inter-RAT cell type
Service Capability
 The Required 2G Capability (Req2GCap) specifies the
capability of 2G cells required by inter-RAT handover. This
indicates whether the service is supported by the GSM,
GPRS, or EDGE
 Req2GCap
 Parameter name: Required 2G Capability
UE Capability
 Upon the reception of the UE capability information
message, the RNC decides whether to start the inter-RAT
measurement. The information indicates whether the UE
supports the GSM, GPRS, or EDGE.
Inter-RAT Handover Rules (Cont.)
 Rules for service-based 3G to 2G Handover
 Service Handover Indicator
 Three types of capability:

 Refer to the table of load-based handover
 Service switch
Contents
1. 3G-to-2G Handover Measurement Switches
2. 3G-to-2G Handover Measurement Report Modes
3. 3G-to-2G Handover Measurement Events
4. 3G-to-2G Handover Measurement Quantity
5. 3G-to-2G Handover Compressed Mode

3G-to-2G Handover Measurement
Switches
 The 3G-to-2G handover measurement switches are specified by
the sub-parameters of HoSwitch:
 HO_MC_SIGNAL_SWITCH: The switch decides whether the quality
measurement on the active set is delivered after signaling setup but
before service setup.
 HO_INTER_RAT_PS_OUT_SWITCH: The switch decides whether
the RNC will initiate inter-RAT measurement to trigger inter-RAT
handover of the PS domain from the UTRAN.
 HO_INTER_RAT_CS_OUT_SWITCH: The switch decides whether
the RNC will initiate inter-RAT measurement to trigger inter-RAT
handover of the CS domain from the UTRAN.
Contents

Report Modes
 Event-triggered measurement report mode
 UE test the 2G neighbor RSSI
 Periodical measurement report mode

 UE test the 2G neighbor RSSI, and current cell Ec/No or RSCP
 InterRatReportMode
 Parameter name: Inter-RAT report mode
 Recommended value: PERIODICAL_REPORTING
Report Modes
 InterRATPeriodReportInterval
 Parameter name: Inter-RAT period report interval [ms]
 Recommended value: D1000 , namely 1000ms
 InterRATMeasTime
 Parameter name: Inter-RAT measure timer length [s]
Contents

Events
 Measurement events involved in 3G-to-2G Handover
Event Description
Event 2D The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is

below a certain threshold.
Event 2F The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is

above a certain threshold.
Event 3A The estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN
frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated
quality of the other system is above a certain threshold.
Event 3C The estimated quality of other system is above a certain
threshold.
Events - 2D
 2D event:
QUsed ≤ TUsed2d - H2d/2
Parameters of 3G-to-2G Handover - 2D
 Recommended values of TUsed2d :
InterRATCSThd2DEcN0 -14, namely -14dB
InterRATR99PsThd2DEcN0 -15, namely -15dB
InterRATHThd2DEcN0 -15, namely-15dB
InterRATCSThd2DRSCP -100, namely -100dBm
InterRATR99PsThd2DRSCP -110, namely -110dBm
InterRATHThd2DRSCP -110, namely -110dBm
HystFor2D 4, namely 2dB
TimeToTrig2D D320, namely 320ms
Events – 2F
 2F event:
 Event 2F is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
QUsed ≥ TUsed2f + H2f/2
Parameters of 3G-to-2G Handover - 2F
 Recommended values of 2F event:
InterRATCSThd2FEcN0 -12, namely -12dB
InterRATR99PsThd2FEcN0 -13, namely -13dB
InterRATHThd2FEcN0 -13, namely-13dB
InterRATCSThd2FRSCP -97, namely -97dBm
InterRATR99PsThd2FRSCP -107, namely -107dBm
InterRATHThd2FRSCP -107, namely -107dBm
HystFor2F 4, namely 2dB
TimeToTrig2F D1280, namely 1280ms
Events - 3A
 3A event:
 The estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency
is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of the
other system is above a certain threshold
 Event 3A is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
QOtherRAT + CIOOtherRAT ≥ TOtherRAT + H3a/2
QUsed ≤ TUsed - H3a/2
Handover -3A
 Recommended values of TUsed :
UsedFreqCSThdEcN0 -12, namely -13dB
UsedFreqR99PsThdEcN0 -13, namely -13dB
UsedFreqHThdEcN0 -13, namely -13dB
UsedFreqCSThdRSCP -97, namely -97dBm
UsedFreqR99PsThdRSCP -107, namely -107dBm
UsedFreqHThdRSCP -107, namely -107dBm
Handover -3A (Cont.)
 Recommended values of TOtherRAT:
TargetRatCsThd 16, namely -95dBm
TargetRatR99PsThd 16, namely -95dBm
TargetRatHThd 16, namely -95dBm
Handover -3A (Cont.)
 Hystfor3A
 Parameter name: 3A hysteresis
 TrigTime3A
 Parameter name: 3A event trigger delay time
Events – 3C
 3C event:
 The estimated quality of other system is above a certain
threshold
 Event 3C is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
MOtherRAT + CIOOtherRAT ≥ TOtherRAT + H3c/2
Handover -3C
 Recommended values of 3C :
InterRATNCovHOCSThd 21, namely -90dBm
InterRATNCovHOPSThd 21, namely -90dBm
Hystfor3C 0, namely 0dB
TrigTime3C D640, namely 640ms
Handover - Common
 CIO
 CIOOffset
Contents

Quantity
 In coverage-based UMTS-to-GSM handover,
 Event 2D/2F or periodical measurement takes both CPICH Ec/No and
RSCP as measurement quantities
 In coverage-based inter-RAT handover, the system delivers both

CPICH Ec/N0 and CPICH RSCP for 2D/2F measurement
 The event 3A measurement quantity is set through the parameter

MeasQuantityOf3A
 In QoS-based 3G-to-2G handover, the event 3A measurement

quantity is set through the parameter
UsedFreqMeasQuantityForQos3A
Quantity
 MeasQuantityOf3A
 Parameter name: 3A Measure Quantity
 Recommended value: Auto, namely based on the 2D
 UsedFreqMeasQuantityForQos3A
 Parameter name: 3A Used-Freq Measure Quantity for Qos
 Recommended value: CPICH_RSCP
Contents

3G-to-2G Handover Compressed Mode
 The 3G-to-2G handover compressed mode is the same with
inter-frequency handover compressed mode.
Interoperability between Inter-RAT and
 Inter-frequency measurement:
 2D, 2F event
 Inter-frequency neighboring cell Measure

inter-frequency
neighbor?
 Inter-RAT measurement:
 2D, 2F event
 Inter-RAT neighboring cell
Measure inter-
RAT neighbor?
Parameters of Inter-RAT Handover
 InterFreqRATSwitch
 Parameter name: Inter-freq and Inter-RAT coexist switch
 Recommended value: SIMINTERFREQRAT
 CoexistMeasThdChoice
 Parameter name: InterFreq and InterRat coexist measure
threshold choice
 Recommended value:
COEXIST_MEAS_THD_CHOICE_INTERFREQ
Contents
1. Coverage and QoS-based UMTS-to-GSM Handover Decision and
Execution
2. Load- and Service-based 3G-to-2G Handover Decision and Execution
Coverage and QoS-based UMTS-to-
GSM Handover Procedure
Reporting Mode
 The coverage-based and QoS-based 3G-to-2G handover is
categorized into two types according to the following two
measurement report modes:
 Periodical measurement report mode
 Event-triggered measurement report mode
 Each mode corresponds to a different decision and

execution procedure.
 After receiving the periodical measurement report of GSM cells,
the RNC performs the following decision and execution
procedures:
 Decide whether the quality of 2G cells meets the conditions of inter-
RAT handover. The evaluation formula is:
 Mother_RAT + CIOother_RAT ≥ Tother_RAT + H/2
 Start the evaluation of the cells that meet the quality requirement and
start the time-to-trigger timer. If the measurement report meet the
following formula and time-to-trigger timer does not expire, stop the
time-to-trigger timer
 Mother_RAT + CIOother_RAT < Tother_RAT - H/2
 Select the cells in sequence, that is, from high quality cells to low
quality ones, to initiate 3G-to-2G handover
Parameters of Inter-RAT Handover
(Cont.)
 HystforInterRAT
 Parameter name: Inter-RAT hysteresis
 TimeToTrigForVerify
 Parameter name: Time to trigger for verified GSM cell
 TimeToTrigForNonVerify
 Parameter name: Time to trigger for non-verified GSM cell
Event-Triggered Measurement Report
Mode
 After receiving the event 3A measurement report of 2G cells,
the RNC performs the following decision and execution
procedures:
 Put all the 2G cells that trigger event 3A into a cell set and
arrange the cells according to the measurement quality in
descending order
 Select the cells in sequence from the cell set to perform inter-
RAT handover
Contents
1. Coverage and QoS-based UMTS-to-GSM Handover Decision and
Execution
2. Load- and Service-based 3G-to-2G Handover Decision and Execution
Load-based Inter-RAT Handover
Service-based Inter-RAT Handover
Load- and Service-based 3G-to-2G
Handover
 The load status between the source cell and the target cell
can be acquired by interchanging load information between
a 3G cell and a 2G cell during the load-based and service-
based 3G-to-2G handover.
 Thus, whether to further conduct the handover can be

determined to avoid the 2G cell overload and possible
handover to the congested cell.
Decision and Execution Procedure
 After receiving the event 3C measurement report of 2G cells,
the RNC performs the following handover decision and
execution procedure:
 Put all the 2G cells that trigger event 3C into a cell set and
arrange the cells according to the measurement quality in
descending order
 Select the cells in sequence from the cell set
 InterRATHOAttempts
 Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover max attempt times
Interchanging Load Information
Procedure
 1. When the RNC sends a RELOCATION REQUIRED
message to the 3G CN,
 If the switch SndLdInfo2GsmInd is set to ON, the
RELOCATION REQUIRED message includes the Old BSS To
New BSS Information IE that includes the load information of
the 3G source cell.
 If the switch SndLdInfo2GsmInd is set to OFF, then the

RELOCATION REQUIRED message does not include the Old
BSS To New BSS Information IE.
Interchanging Load Information
Procedure
 2. When the RNC receives the RELOCATION COMMAND message from
the 2G CN:
 If the switch NcovHoOn2GldInd is set to ON, the RNC obtains the load
information of the 2G target cell:
 If the 2G load is lower than CSHOOut2GloadThd or PSHOOut2GloadThd, the RNC
continues the inter-RAT handover procedure; otherwise, the RNC returns the
Relocation Cancel message to the CN to cancel this inter-RAT handover and makes
another handover attempt to the next candidate cell generated in the cell list based on
inter-RAT measurement.
 If the Inter-System Information Transparent Container IE, is not included in the
RELOCATION COMMAND message, the load information of the 2G target cell is not
considered and this inter-RAT handover is continued
 If the switch NcovHoOn2GldInd is set to OFF, the RNC continues the inter-
RAT handover procedure without considering the thresholds
Parameters of Interchanging Load
Information
 SndLdInfo2GsmInd
 Parameter name: Send Load Info to GSM Ind
 NcovHoOn2GldInd
 Parameter name: NCOV Reloc Ind based on GSM cell load
Parameters of Interchanging Load
Information
 CSHOOut2GloadThd
 Parameter name: CS domain Reloc GSM load THD
 Recommended value: 80, namely 80%
 PSHOOut2GloadThd
 Parameter name: PS domain Reloc GSM load THD
 Recommended value: 60, namely 60%
Parameters of Service-based Inter-RAT
Handover
 CSServiceHOSwitch
 Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover switch
 Recommended value: OFF
 PSServiceHOSwitch
 Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover switch
 Recommended value: OFF
Contents
CS Domain Inter-RAT Handover Flow
(UMTS->GSM)
UE RNC 3G MSC 2G MSC BSC

Measurement Control (2D & 2F)
Measurement Report(2D)
Decision to enter
compress mode
Measurement Control (Inter-RAT)
Measurement Report (GSM)

Decision to
handover to GSM
Relocation Required
Prepare Handover
Handover Request
Handover Request ACK

Prepare Handover
Response
Relocation Command
Inter-System Handover Command
Handover Complete
Handover Compltet
Send END
Signal Request
Iu Release Command
Iu Release Complete
PS Domain Inter-RAT Handover Flow
(UMTS->GSM & UE in CELL_DCH)
UE NodeB SRNC SGSN
1. Measurement Report (2D event)

2. Compressed Mode Triggered
3. Measurement Control(Inter-RAT)
4. Measurement Report
Handover Desicion
5. Cell Change Order
6. Radio Link Failure
7. SRNS Context Transfer
8. Iu Release Command
9. Iu Release Complete
10. Radio Link Deletion
Request
11. Radio Link Deletion
Response
Contents
4. Service-Based PS Service Redirection from UMTS to

LTE
Contents
LTE
1. Service Redirection to LTE Overview
2. Service Redirection to LTE Measurement
3. Service Redirection to LTE Decision and Execution
4. Signaling Procedures for Service Redirection to LTE
Service Redirection from UMTS to LTE
Scenario
LTE Cell
PS service
UMTS Cell
RRC Connection Release
Service Redirection from UMTS to LTE
Preconditions
 The RNC can redirect a UE from UTMS to LTE, if the
following conditions are met:
 UMTS/LTE dual-mode UE
 Service is suitable on LTE network
 UE or network does not support the PS handover from UMTS
to LTE
UE Capability -- Support of LTE
 Upon the reception of the UE capability information in RRC
Setup Complete message, the RNC decides whether the
UE support LTE(include the following information element )
Support of E-UTRA Enumerated Absence of this IE REL-8

FDD (DoesSupport means that the UE
EUTRAFDD) does not support E-
UTRA FDD
Service Indicator
 Upon the reception of service setup or modification from PS
CN, the RNC decides whether the PS service is allowed to
established on LTE network (the following information
element does not exist in RAB Assignment message)
E-UTRAN Service M ENUMERATED
Handover (Handover to E-UTRAN
shall not be performed,
…)
UE Does not Support Handover to LTE
 Upon the reception of the UE capability information in RRC
Setup Complete message, the RNC decides whether the
UE support handover to LTE (the following information
element does not be included in message)
Support of Inter-RAT PS Enumerated Absence of this IE REL-8
Handover to E-UTRA (DoesSupportIn means that the UE
FDD ter- does not support Inter-
RATHOToEUT RAT PS Handover to E-
RAFDD) UTRA FDD
RAN Does not Support Handover to
LTE
 The SuppPSHOFlag parameter specify whether the
network support handover to LTE, run the ADD ULTECELL
command on RNC LMT to set the parameter
 SuppPSHOFlag
 Parameter name: LTE Cell Supporting PS HO Indicator
 Recommended value: NotSupport
Contents
LTE
2. Service Redirection from to LTE Measurement

1. Measurement Switches
2. Measurement Events
3. Measurement Quantity
4. Measurement Time
3. Service Redirection from to LTE Decision and Execution

Service Redirection to LTE Measurement
Switches
 The Service Redirection to LTE Measurement Switches are
specified by the sub-parameters of HoSwitch:
 HO_LTE_PS_OUT_SWITCH : The switch decides whether the
RNC is allowed to send an LTE MEASUREMENT CONTROL
message to the UE and to initiate an inter-RAT PS handover from
UMTS to LTE.
 HO_LTE_SERVICE_PS_OUT_SWITCH : The switch decides
whether the RNC is allowed to send an LTE MEASUREMENT
CONTROL message to the UE based on service and to initiate an
inter-RAT PS service-based handover from UMTS to LTE
Switches(Cont..)
 The Service Redirection to LTE Measurement are also
specified by the EUTRANSHIND parameter of PS services
used by the UE
 If the RNC does not receive any E-UTRAN Service Handover
IE from the CN for a given RAB, the RNC triggers the
measurement of LTE signals if the EUTRANSHIND parameter
is set to HO_TO_EUTRAN_SHOULD_BE_PERFORM
Contents
LTE

4. Measurement Time

Events
 Only the report of event 3C is supported
 Measurement events involved in service redirection from

UMTS to LTE
Event Description
Event 3C The estimated quality of other system is above a certain

threshold.
Events -- 3C
 Event 3C is triggered on the basis of the following formula :
MOtherRAT ≥ TOtherRAT + H3c/2

 Where :
 MOtherRAT is the filtered RSRP or RSRQ measurement value of
the LTE cell, U2LTEFilterCoef specifies the filter coefficient
 TOtherRAT is the absolute inter-RAT redirection threshold, it can

be set by TargetRatThdRSRP or TargetRatThdRSRQ
 H3c is the hysteresis value of event 3C and can be set by

Hystfor3C
Events -- 3C
 When the conditions for reporting event 3C are met for a
period specified by the TrigTime3C parameter, the UE
sends a measurement report of event 3C
Parameters of Service Redirection to
LTE Measurement Events -- 3C
 U2LTEFilterCoef
 Parameter name: Layer 3 Filter Coefficient for LTE
Measurement
 TargetRatThdRSRP
 Parameter name: RSRP Threshold During PS Handover to
LTE
 TargetRatThdRSRQ
 Parameter name: RSRQ Threshold During PS Handover to
LTE
 Hystfor3C
 Parameter name: Hysteresis for Event 3C
 Recommended value: 4, namely 2 dB
 TrigTime3C
 Parameter name: Time to Trigger Event 3C
Contents
LTE

4. Measurement Time

Quantity
 The measurement quantity is reference signal receiving
power (RSRP) or reference signal receiving quality (RSRQ)
 If LTEMeasTypOf3C is set to BOTH, the report quantities are
both of RSRP and RSRQ, the UE need to report measurement
results of both the types in 3C event report : RSRP and RSRQ
 If LTEMeasTypOf3C is set to Measurement quantity specified

by the LTEMeasQuanOf3C parameter, the UE just report the
result of RSRP or RSRQ specified by the LTEMeasQuanOf3C
LTE Measurement Quantity -- 3C
 LTEMeasTypOf3C
 Parameter name: Report Type of LTE Measurement
 LTEMeasQuanOf3C
 Parameter name: Measurement Quantity for Event 3C
Measurement of LTE
Contents
LTE

4. Measurement Time

Time
 The radio network performance is affected if the UE implements the
measurement in compressed mode for a long period of time. To
prevent this impact, the RNC stops the measurement and
deactivates the compressed mode to stop the service redirection, if
no redirection decision is made upon the expiration of the timer
U2LTEMeasTime
 U2LTEMeasTime
 Parameter Name : LTE Measurement Timer Length
 Recommended Value : 30, namely 30s
Contents
LTE

4. Measurement Time

Service Redirection to LTE Decision and
Execution
 After receiving the measurement report of event 3C of an
LTE cell, the RNC redirects the UE to the LTE cell
 The RNC sends the UE an RRC CONNECTION RELEASE

message and indicates the frequency of the target LTE cell.
The UE attempts to access the LTE cell on the frequency
indicated in the message
Contents
LTE

4. Measurement Time

Signaling Procedure of Redirection to LTE
UE UTRAN PS CN E-UTRAN
RAB Assignment Request
Measurement Control (3C)
Measurement Report (3C)
RRC Connection Release (redirection :

frequency of target LTE cell)
Iu Release Request
RRC Connection Release Complete
RRC Connection Request
Access LTE network for PS service
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Handover Algorithm and Parameters

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Handover Algorithm and Parameters

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WCDMA Handover

Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Describe the procedures of each handover

 Perform the parameters setting of each handover

 Monitored set  Selective combination

 Detected set  Soft handover gain

 Radio link (RL)  PCPICH

 Radio link set (RLS)

4. Service-Based PS Service Redirection from UMTS to LTE

2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement

3. Intra-Frequency Handover Decision and Execution

4. Signaling Procedures for Intra-Frequency Handover

 Intra-frequency hard handover

Item Soft Handover Hard Handover

The number of RLs in active

Interruption during handover No Yes

 Intra-RNC inter-NodeB soft handover

 Inter-RNC soft handover

Item Softer Handover Soft Handover

When the UE is in the overlapped When the UE is in the overlapped

Uplink signal Using maximum-ratio combination Using selection combination

Downlink signal Using maximum-ratio combination Using maximum-ratio combination

 Iur interface is congested

 Soft handover fails

2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement

3. Intra-Frequency Handover Decision and Execution

4. Signaling Procedures for Intra-Frequency Handover

2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement

2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement Events

3. Intra-Frequency Handover Neighboring Cell Combination

3. Intra-Frequency Handover Decision and Execution

4. Signaling Procedures for Intra-Frequency Handover

 Recommended value: CPICH_EC/NO

 Parameter name: Intra-freq meas L3 filter coeff

 Recommended value: D3, namely K=3

2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement

2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement Events

3. Intra-Frequency Handover Neighboring Cell Combination

3. Intra-Frequency Handover Decision and Execution

4. Signaling Procedures for Intra-Frequency Handover

A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH.

1D The best cell changes.

 A: signal quality curve of the best cell in the active set

 B: signal quality curve of a cell in the monitored set

 Recommended value: 0, namely 0dB

 Recommended value: 0, namely 0dB

 Recommended value: D4000, namely 4000ms

 Recommended value: D16

 A: signal quality curve of the best cell in the active set

 B: signal quality curve of the worst cell in the active set

 Recommended value: 0, namely 0dB

 Recommended value: D640, namely 640ms

M New  CIONew  M InAS  CIOInAS  H1c / 2

 A: signal quality curve of the best cell in the active set

 Recommended value: 8, namely 4dB

 Recommended value: D640, namely 640ms

 Recommended value: D4000, namely 4000ms

 Recommended value: D16

M NotBest  CIONotBest  M Best  CIOBest  H1d / 2

 A: signal quality curve of the best cell in the active set

 Recommended value: 8, namely 4dB

 Recommended value: D640, namely 640ms

2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement

2. Intra-Frequency Handover Measurement Events