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V= 1.643094128441 …
Let’s digitize the signal
Measure the voltage at regular intervals
Samples are taken with an Analog to Digital (A/D) Converter which is essentially a voltmeter.
With a digitized signal
0.831386 0.924232
1.052738 0.972532
1.033471 0.972644
0.831724 0.904917
You can
• Create extraordinary filters, very narrow, no ringing
• Convert from the time domain to frequency domain
(spectral analysis)
• Pull weak signals out of the noise
• Modulate/demodulate signals
• Do all sorts of other magic
Why is DSP Better Than Analog
Circuits?
DSP
• Can change function with just a software change
• Frequency reference is the only part that might age
Analog components
• Need to be tuned
• Change value with age, temperature, etc.
• Can be expensive and bulky
Some DSP rules of thumb
• If you sample the signal at least twice the highest
frequency present, you can reproduce it (Nyquist Criteria)
• The more you know about the signal, the deeper you can
pull it out of the noise.
• The slower the signal changes (in frequency and/or
amplitude), the deeper you can pull it out of the noise.
Modulation designed for different needs
• PSK31
• Very narrow bandwidth (slow character speed)
• Effective with low signal strength
• JT-65
• Used for moon bounce and extremely weak signals
• Each character is a single tone about 5 Hz apart
• Very slow, each character takes ½ second
• Time synch, station’s clocks must be very accurate
• Error correction
• FSK 441
• Used for meteor scatter
• High speed (exchange in 1/3 second)
• Lots of Doppler shift
Enough theory!