Hans Kohn (September 15, 1891 – March 16,

1971)
• Jewish American philosopher and historian.
• Prague during the Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
• Captured as a prisoner of war during World
War I and held in Russia for five years. In
the following years he lived in Paris and
London working for Zionist organizations
and writing.
 What is Nationalism
according to Hans Kohn?
Nationalism has been one of the determining forces in modern history. It
originated in eighteenth century Western Europe; during the nineteenth
century it spread all over Europe; in the twentieth century it has become a
world-wide movement, and its importance in Asia and Africa is growing with
every year. But nationalism is not the same in all countries and at all times. It
is a historical phenomenon and thus determined by the political ideas and the
social structure of the various lands where it takes root.
 Nationalism is a state of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due the
nation-state. A deep attachment to one's native soil, to local traditions and to established
territorial authority has existed in varying strength throughout history. But it was not until the end
of the eighteenth century that nationalism in the modern sense of the word became a generally
recognized sentiment increasingly molding all public and private life. Only very recently has it been
demanded that each nationality should form a state, its own state, and that the state should include the
whole nationality. Formerly, man's loyalty was due not to the nation state, but to differing other
forms of social authority, political organization and ideological cohesion such as the tribe or
clan, the city-state or the feudal lord, the dynastic state, the church or religious group.
Throughout many centuries the political ideal was not the nation-state but the, at least, theoretically
world-wide empire comprising various nationalities and ethnic groups on the basis of a common
civilization and for the assurance of a common peace.
Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (May 16,
1882 – September 2, 1964)
• An American educator, diplomat,
devout Catholic and academic.
• A student of European history.
• A leading and pioneering specialist on
the study of nationalism.
• Elected as president of the American
Historical Association.
• He served as United States Ambassador
to Spain in World War II
 What is Nationalism
according to Carlton Hayes?
• "Loyalty and attachment to the interior of the group (namely the nation and homeland) are the
basis of nationalism”

• “It is attachment to nationality that gives direction to one's individual and social postures, not
attachment to religion and ideology. A human being takes pride in his national achievements and
feels dependent on its cultural heritage, not on the history of religion and his faith”

• "What distinguishes one human being from another are not their beliefs, but their birth-place,
homeland, language and race. Those who are within the four walls of the homeland and nation,
belong to it, and those who are outside it, are aliens. It is on the basis of these factors that the
people have a feeling of sharing a single destiny and a common past. (Hayes, 1926)."
Louis Leo Snyder (4 July 1907 – 25 November
1993)
• An American scholar, who witnessed first hand
the Nazi mass rallies held from 1923 on in
Germany and wrote about them from New York
in his Hitlerism: The Iron Fist in Germany
published in 1932 under the pseudonym
Nordicus.
• Snyder predicted Adolf Hitler's rise to power
• Nazi alliance with Benito Mussolini
• And possibly the war upon the French and the
Jews. His book was the first publication of the
complete NSDAP National Socialist Program in
the English language.
 What is Nationalism
according to Louis Snyder?
 • “Sentiment of a group or body of people within a compact or a
noncontagious territory, using a single language or related dialects as a
vehicle for common thoughts, and feelings, holding a common religious
belief, possessing common institutions, traditions, and customs acquired
and transmitted during the course of a common history, venerating
national heroes and cherishing a common will for social homogeneity”
James Thomson Callender (1758 – July 17,
1803)
• A political pamphleteer and journalist
whose writing was controversial in his
native Scotland and the United States.
• His contemporary reputation was as a
"scandalmonger", due to the content of
some of his reporting, which
overshadowed the political content - some
modern scholars note Callender's writings
in favor of democracy.
What is Nationalism according
to James Collander?
"The more that a nation knows about the mode of
conducting its business, the better chance has that
business of being properly conducted."
Rupert Emerson (August 20, 1899, in
Rye, NY – February 9, 1979, in
Cambridge, MA)
• A professor of political science and
international relations.
• He served on the faculty of Harvard
University for forty-three years and
served in various U.S government
positions.
What is Nationalism according
to Rupert Emerson?
'The simplest statement that can be made about a nation
is that it is a body of people who feel that they are a
nation; and it may be that when all the fine spun
analysis is concluded, this will be the ultimate
statement as well'