 is a device for organizing and presenting

grouped data.
 tabular arrangement of data showing tallying of
the number of times each score value occurs in
a group of scores.
 Frequency (f) – the number of times the value
occurs in a sample.
 TABLE 1

CLASS FREQ Rf%

CLAS
<cf >cf
CLASS
S CLASS
NO. INTERVALS MAR
K
BOUNDARIES
1 62 - 68 10 65 10 70 61.5 - 68.5 14.2
2 69 - 75 5 72 15 60 68.5 - 75.5 7.14
3 76 - 82 9 79 24 55 75.5 - 82.5 12.89
4 83 - 89 11 86 35 46 82.5 - 89.5 15.71
5 90 - 96 14 93 49 35 89.5 - 96.5 20
6 97 - 103 11 100 60
21 96.5 - 103.5 15.71
7 104 - 110 5 107 65 10 - 110.5 7.14
103.5
8 111 - 117 5 114 70 5 - 7.14
110.5 117.5
i=8 W=7 n=70 100%
  Central Location is the tendency of the
observations to converge at a point or at the
center of a frequency distribution.

 The Mean

 The Median

 The Mode
 The Mean X → x-bar
-the average score of the distribution.
n
sum of x - values xi
X = number of items or cases X= i=1
n
 Ex: 1.The heights in cm of 12 education students are as follows.
152,144,156,166,172,150,153,160,154,168,165, and 170.
Find the mean height of the students.
152+144+156+166+172+150+153+160+154+168+165+170
X=
12
X = 159.17 cm
 
 The Median X → x-curl
-is the midpoint of an array of numbers or observations


X=
(n + 1)th item
2
Find the median score of sophomore students in a Chemistry quiz
10,12,14,16,23,24,25,33,34,35,41,45,50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

X= 13 + 1
2 
X=25

X= 7th item
The ages of the patients at the pediatric ward of
Hospital Z are 10,2,5,6,5,8,9,10,4,12,4,12,9,5.

2,4,4,5,5,5,6,8,9,9,10,10,12,12,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 7th item -6 
X= 6 + 8
X= 14 + 1 = 7.5 2
2 8th item -8

X= 7
 
 The Mode X → x-caret
-the most frequent score that occurs in the distribution.
What is the mode of the students’ scores in a Statistics test.
The scores are as follows:
12,13,12,11,10,20,24,25,10,22,20,13,16,18,20,20,20,20.
Score Frequency Score Frequency
10 2 18 1 
11 1 20 6 X= 20 uni- modal
12 2 22 1
13 2 24 1
16 1 25 1
 It describes how the data are scattered or how
much they are bunched.
Range - The range of a set of numbers is the
difference between the highest value in the list
and the lowest value in the list.
Standard Deviation – measure of dispersion of a
set of data from its mean.
Variance – is a measure of how far a set of
numbers is spread out. It describes how far the
numbers lie from the mean.
MAD(Mean Absolute Deviation) – is a summation
of the absolute value of each deviation. It is
useful to measure the spread of data while
considering the effect of total number of data.
 Definition:
Fractiles are measures of location or position which
include not only central location but also any position
based on the number of equal divisions in a given
distribution.
It describes the location of a specific data in relation to
the rest of the sample.
 Quartiles -four equal parts.
Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4
 Deciles-ten equal parts.
D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 ,D5 , D6 , D7 , D8 , D9 , D10
 Percentiles-one hundred equal parts.
P1 , P2 , P3 ,...P10 ... P20 ...P50 ...P100
 Convey all the information ordinarily needed to
understand and interpret the distribution. They
furnish additional information to supplement that
obtained from the measures of central tendency
and variability.
 Skewness  Kurtosis
 Refers to its curvedness or
 The degree of its peakedness. The
departure from peakedness is based on the
symmetry. degree of concentration of
the scores near the central
curve.
 SK= 3(Mean – Median)
SD  KU= QD .

P90 – P10
 Normal Distribution
 Symmetrical

 Mean = Median = Mode

 Positively Skewed Distribution
 Skewed to the Right

Mo Md Mean
 Mean > Median
 Negatively Skewed Distribution
 Skewed to the Left

Mean Md Mo
 Mean < Median
 SK= 3(mean – median)
sd
Mean = 88.6
Median = 89.2
Mode = 91.8
Standard Deviation = 14.3584
 SK= 3(88.6 – 89.2)  SK= -0.12536
14.3584 or 12.536%
negatively skewed distribution
 Mesokurtic Curve
– medium kurtosis; obtained if KU = 0.263
 Leptokurtic Curve
–slender and narrow; obtained if KU < 0.263
 Platykurtic Curve
–flat and wide; obtained if KU > 0.263
Given:
QD= 10
P90 = 59.5
P10 = 21.17
QD
 KU =
P90 - P10
10
 KU =
59.5 - 21.17
 KU = 0.261 ; Leptokurtic
 Determine how many numbers of two
different digits could be formed from the four
integers 1,2,3,4 if no digit is repeated.
2 12 1 21 1 31 1 41
1 3 13 2 3 23 3 2 32 4 2 42
4 14 4 24 4 34 3 43

12 different numbers
 If one thing can be done in a different ways,
and if a second thing can be done
independently b different ways, then the total
number of ways in which both these things
may be done in stated order is

ab

4 x 3 = 12
 Determine how many numbers of three different
digits could be formed from the six integers
1,2,3,4,5,6.a)if no digit is repeated, b)if repetition
of digits is allowed.

a) if no digit is repeated
6 x 5 x 4 = 120 numbers

b) If repetition of digits is allowed

6 x 6 x 6 = 216 numbers
 How many numbers of 3 different digits less
than 300 can be formed from the integers
1,2,3,4,5.

2 x 4 x 3 = 24 numbers
 From a deck of cards, in how many ways can
you pick the following A,K,Q,J?
 a) if each of the four cards can belong to any suit?
4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 256 ways

 b) if the four cards must belong to different suit?

4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24 ways

 c) if the four cards must belong to the heart suit?

1 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 1way

 d) if the four cards must belong to the same suit?

4 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 4 ways
  Four singers compete in a contest. How many
results are possible for first, second, third
places?
Let a,b, c, d as the four singers

 If d is 4th  If c is 4th  If b is 4th  If a is 4th

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
a b c a b d a c d b c d
a c b a d b a d c b d c
b a c b d a c d a c d b
c a b d a b d a c d b c
c b a d b a d c a d c b

24 possible results
 A permutation of a set of elements is an
arrangement of s specified number of those
elements in a definite order.
LINEAR PERMUTATION
 The number of permutations of n objects
taken all together is
nPn!
 The number of permutation of n different
objects taken r at a time.
n!
nPr=
(n – r)!
 A large office building has 8 exits. In how
many ways may a man enter the building and
leave by a different exit?
8!
8P2 =
(8 – 2)!

P = 8!
8 2
6!
8x7x6!
8P2 =
6!
8P2 =56 ways
 In how many ways can 3 different prizes be
awarded among 10 people if no person is to
receive more than one prize?

10!
10P3 =
(10 – 3)!

P = 10!
10 3
7!
10x9x8x7!
10P3 =
7!
10P3 =720 ways
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
 A special type of permutation where the
objects are arrange in a circular pattern.
PC = (n – 1)!
 In how many ways can 7 children be seated
around a circular table?
PC = (7 – 1)!
PC = 6!

PC = 720 ways
 A combination is a selection of objects without
regard to order.
 The number of combination of n things taken
r at a time is
C = n!
n r
r!(n – r)!
 In how many ways can a committee of 3 be
chosen from 3 teachers and 4 students a) if
all are equally eligible b) if the committee
must consist of 2 teachers and 1student?
a) if all are equally eligible
C = 7!
7 3 7C3 =35ways
3!(7 – 3)!
b) if the committee must consist of 2 teachers
and 1student?
3C 2 x 4C 1

=12ways
 A woman has 6 close friend, in how many
ways can she invite 1 or more of them to a
luncheon?
1) inviting one friend- 6C1
2) inviting a combination of 2 friends- 6C2
3) inviting a combination of 3 friends- 6C3
4) inviting a combination of 4 friends- 6C4
5) inviting a combination of 5 friends- 6C5
6) inviting a combination of 6 friends- 6C6

6C 1 + 6C 2 + 6C 3 + 6C 4 + 6C 5 + 6C 6
6 + 15 + 20 + 15 + 6 + 1
=63 ways
 The mathematical expression of uncertainty.
 The term probability is used to denote the
relative likelihood of a certain event occurring,
compared with the relative likelihood of all
other probabilities.

 P(A)= number of events classifiable as A

total number of possible events
 Suppose a we are going to roll a die once.
What is the probability it will come to with a
“three”?

 P(3)= number of events classifiable as A

total number of possible events

 P(3)=
1 = 0.1667
6
  What is the number greater than 2 in one roll
of one die?

 P(3,4,5,6)= number of events classifiable as A

total number of possible events

 P(3,4,5,6)=4 = 0.6667
6