Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Introduction
Digestion
Secretion
Motility
Absorption
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Digestion:
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Motility
Absorption
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Dietary Carbohydrate
A. Polysaccharide:
Plant carbohydrate:
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Animal starch
- Glycogen
- Similar to Amylopectin with more branches
C. Monosaccharides:
Gluc, Fruc, Galac
Reducing sugars with reducing group
on C1 or C2
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CLINICAL NOTE
Urinary sugar:
Glucosuria in DM
Fructosuria
Galactosuria Other metabolic disorder
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1.2 Carbohydrate Digestion
Glycoside hydrolysis Monosach Intestinal mucosa
Digestive Enzymes:
- Salivary α-amylase
pH opt ~ 7.0
- Pancreatic α- amylase
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Salivary amylase stopped
by acidity of stomach
Pancreatic amylase undergoes
buffering action of
Pancreatic juice and Bile in
Small intestine
Continues digestion of starch and
glycogen in food
Products: Oligosaccharides and
disaccharide (maltose)
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- Brush border carbohydrases are:
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CLINICAL NOTE
Lactose Intolerance
Lactase hydrolyses β-1,4- links in lactose
Lactase deficiency causes: cramping, pain, etc
Watery diarrhea due to osmotic load by
unhydrolyzed disaccharide
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1.3 Carbohydrate Absorption
Transport mechanisms by membrane carriers
Fruc: GLUT5, facilitated diffusion
Gluc + Galac : SGLT1, sodium dependent
symport
One gluc + 2 Na+ bind to SGLT1
Hydrophobic molecules
Major D F : Triacylglycerols =
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Fatty Acids:
Monounsaturated: Oleate
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2.2 Fat Digestion
Product: 2-monoacylglycerols
Products:
2-monoacylglycerols + FA from C1 and C3
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Schematic structure and function of bile salts
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(Sherwood Fig 16-18 Page 621)
Schematic representation of a micelle
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(Sherwood Fig 16-19 Page 622)
c. Formation of bile salts micelles
Bile salts and lecithin aggregate to form
small clusters, micelles (<< emulsion)
Micelles contain: TAG, Monoacylglycerols,
FA, Fat soluble vitamin
Emlsn, micll: neg, solubl prot sticking outside
Product:
Lysophospholipid, a powerful detergent
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f. Digestion and Absorption of TAG
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g. Absorption of dietary lipids
FA and 2-MAG packaged into micelles
= micro droplets emulsified by bile salts.
and lecithin
Also included in micelles: Cholesterol
Fat soluble vitamins
Micelles Microvilli
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h. Secretion of lipids from enterocytes
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j. Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts
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k. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol
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CLINICAL NOTE
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3.1 Digestion of Protein
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Activation of gastric and pancreatic zymogens
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Gastric juice:
Chief cells: pepsinogen
Parietal cells: HCl
Pancreatic Enzymes
a. Proteolytic enzymes
b. Pancreatic amylase
c. Pancreatic lipase
(the only enzyme important in fat digestion)
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Endopeptidase - pepsin, trypsin
Exopeptidase
- carboxypeptidase (pancreas)
aminopeptidase
int’nal mucosa
dipeptidase
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Absorption of amino acids
Utilize Na-dependent transport proteins
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Protein turnover
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Nitrogen Balance
Intake vs Output (losses thru faeces, skin,
urea and ammonia in urine)
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Gastrointestinal hormones
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Secretin: upper intestine
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